Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Management of Plum Curculio in Highbush Blueberry.

Ana Luiza Sousa,Cesar Rodriguez-Saona,Vera Kyryczenko-Roth,Albrecht M Koppenhöfer,Robert Holdcraft

doi:10.3390/biology11010045

Ana Luiza Sousa, Cesar Rodriguez-Saona + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010045

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Abstract

Simple SummaryThe plum curculio, a snout beetle native to North America, is one of the most important fruit-feeding pests of cultivated blueberry in New Jersey. Application of certain entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species has shown efficacy in plum, peach, and apple orchards when targeting the larval stage of plum curculio in soil. Prior to our research, however, EPNs have never been tested for control of this pest in highbush blueberries. In 2020, laboratory and field studies were conducted to: (1) determine the persistence of different EPN species in acidic blueberry soil; (2) compare the virulence of these EPNs to plum curculio larvae and pupae; and (3) compare the efficacy of these EPNs to control this pest in blueberry fields. In 2021, field studies were conducted to confirm the efficacy of one of the EPN species. Steinernema riobrave persisted better in blueberry sand, was the most virulent EPN against plum curculio larvae and pupae and was highly efficacious for suppression of larvae and pupae of this pest in blueberry fields. Steinernema riobrave has the potential to become an important component in the management of plum curculio in highbush blueberry.Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of stone and pome fruits in the United States. Application of certain entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species has shown efficacy in some crops when targeting the larval stage of C. nenuphar in soil. To date, however, no EPNs have been tested for the control of this pest in highbush blueberries. In 2020, laboratory and field studies were conducted to: (1) determine the persistence of Steinernema riobrave, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in acidic blueberry soil; (2) compare the virulence of these EPNs to C. nenuphar larvae and pupae; and (3) compare the efficacy of these EPN species to control this pest in blueberry fields. The greatest persistence in blueberry soil was exhibited by S. riobrave followed by S. carpocapsae. Superior virulence was observed in S. riobrave against C. nenuphar larvae and pupae. Promising levels of virulence were also observed in S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae against the larvae, but S. scarabaei had low virulence. In the field, S. riobrave provided significantly higher levels of C. nenuphar suppression (90%) than the other EPNs. The field efficacy of S. riobrave against C. nenuphar at low and high rates was confirmed in 2021. Steinernema riobrave has the potential to become an important component in the management of C. nenuphar in highbush blueberry.

Highlights

The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest of several fruit crops in North America [1,2,3]
Significant interactions between entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species and days after treatment were detected in sandy loam soil and acidic blueberry soil
Steinernema carpocapsae infection was always higher than H. bacteriophora infection in both soils and higher than S. feltiae infection on days 0–28 in sandy loam and days 0, 7, and 28 in blueberry soil

Summary

Introduction

The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a major pest of several fruit crops (peach, apple, plum, cherry, and blueberry) in North America [1,2,3]. In early spring, overwintered adult weevils emerge and usually begin moving from wooded areas into cultivated crops to feed, mate, and oviposit in fruits. Damage to fruit results from feeding and oviposition scars produced by C. nenuphar adult females and from larval burrowing. Internal larval feeding can cause early fruit drop, which typically occurs at or near the molt to the fourth-instar larvae. Fruit drop increases survivorship of the larvae that exit the fallen fruit when fully mature (fourth instar) and burrow into the soil (2.5–5 cm) to pupate [1,5]. Adults feed on fruits and migrate to overwintering sites in forested areas and unmanaged orchards or surrounding areas [1,7,8]

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