Abstract
Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant glycosylation of the cell surface glycan generating tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Technological advances in glycobiology have added a new dimension to immunotherapy when considering carbohydrates as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections, etc. Many consider effective vaccines induce T-cell dependent immunity with satisfactory levels of immunological memory that preclude recurrence. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone are poorly immunogenic as they do not bind strongly to the MHCII complex and thus fail to elicit T-cell immunity. To increase immunogenicity, carbohydrates have been conjugated to carrier proteins, which sometimes can impede carbohydrate specific immunity as peptide-based immune responses can negate antibodies directed at the targeted carbohydrate antigens. To overcome many challenges in using carbohydrate-based vaccine design and development approaches targeting cancer and other diseases, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, will be discussed as promising carriers of carbohydrate antigens to achieve desired immunological responses.
Highlights
The idea of vaccine development commenced with the observation that malignant tumors could be treated by repeated inoculation of erysipelas [1], an acute infection caused by a beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus bacteria
Evaluation of antisera from attenuated S. aureus immunized rabbit revealed that type specific
This review emphasizes carbohydrate specific immunity induced by entirely carbohydrate-based vaccines highlighting the importance of zwitterionic polysaccharides, isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, in generating T-cell dependent immune responses
Summary
The idea of vaccine development commenced with the observation that malignant tumors could be treated by repeated inoculation of erysipelas [1], an acute infection caused by a beta-hemolytic group A Streptococcus bacteria. Humoral responses from antigens arise as a result of binding to the B-cell receptor to invoke B-lymphocytes to produce high avidity but low affinity antibody IgM. To activate CD4+ T-helper cells, the antigens need to be processed in the antigen presenting cell (APC), bind with major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) and presented on the surface to the α,β-T-cell receptor of naïve T-lymphocytes [3]. To capitalize on this most effective immune response, aside from whole-cell traditional vaccine approaches (attenuated or dead microbes or components of microbes), many synthetic and recombinant vaccines are the subject of current and active research [4]
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