Enterprise Social Networking: Innovation Difficult to Adopt?

Using Digital Media to Promote Kidney Disease Education

Enterprise social network（ESN）, derived from social media and social network on an individual level, gradually penetrates the business sector and is applied to support business running on the organization level. ESN has aroused academics and practitioners’ widespread concerns because of its flexibility, and we call it affordance. The affordance of ESN is an actively explored concept, which refers to the possibility that technology can help users achieve their goals. The affordance, a core conception to discuss the impacts of ESN, distinguishes ESN from traditional enterprise systems.Based on the literature review of ESN and its impacts, the paper concludes that:（1）ESN has eight affordances, which are behavior visibility, association, centrality, network externality, content visibility, editability, persistence, and diversity, and these affordances fall into two categories: social network related and social media related;（2）There are six specific impact indicators on business value, which are knowledge management, innovation, internal business management, job performance, customer service and financial performance. Due to the above two points, the paper establishes a research framework to describe the relationship between eight affordances and their impacts on business value, and analyzes the research status of ESN impact on business value.In this research framework, the paper constructs five value generation mechanisms of ESN belonging to two dimensions: In the social network dimension, there are three value generation mechanisms, which are social network structure, social network connection and social network actors; In terms of social media, research generally explores the impact of ESN through social media content and social media participation. This paper will play a certain role in promoting related research in the future academic field and the application in the commercial field.

The Big Question: Have social media and/or smartphones disrupted life in your part of the world?

Cooperative Mentorship: Negotiating Social Media Use within the Family

This chapter examines the structure and sentiment of the Twitter response to Nathan Broad's naming as the originator of an image-based sexual abuse incident following the 2017 Australian Football League Grand Final. Employing Social Network Analysis to visualize the hierarchy of Twitter users responding to the incident and Applied Thematic Analysis to trace the diffusion of differing streams of sentiment within this hierarchy, we produced a representation of participatory social media engagement in the context of image-based sexual abuse. Following two streams of findings, a model of social media user engagement was established that hierarchized the interplay between institutional and personal Twitter users. In this model, it was observed that the Broad incident generated sympathetic and compassionate discourses among an articulated network of social media users. This sentiment gradually diffused to institutional Twitter users – or Reference accounts – through the process of intermedia agenda-setting, whereby the narrative of terrestrial media accounts was altered by personal Twitter users over time. Keywords Image-based sexual abuse Informal justice Social network analysis Technology facilitated violence Twitter Digital criminology Citation Broadbent, E. and Thompson, C. (2021), "Justice on the Digitized Field: Analyzing Online Responses to Technology-Facilitated Informal Justice through Social Network Analysis", Bailey, J., Flynn, A. and Henry, N. (Ed.) The Emerald International Handbook of Technology-Facilitated Violence and Abuse (Emerald Studies In Digital Crime, Technology and Social Harms), Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 689-709. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83982-848-520211051 Publisher: Emerald Publishing Limited Copyright © 2021 Ella Broadbent and Chrissy Thompson. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This chapter is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these chapters (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. License This chapter is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of these chapters (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode. Introduction On the evening of September 30, 2017, the final siren sounded on the Australian Football League (AFL) season, and the Richmond Football Club (RFC) secured their first Premiership cup in 37 years. In the hours following the evening's celebrations, an image of a young woman with a premiership medal around her neck – her face cropped and breasts exposed – began to circulate through social networking platforms and fan forums. This image was quick to disperse through social media channels, becoming a symbol for the victory celebrations of the young men within the team and their army of supporters. It later emerged that the woman photographed had not consented to having the image shared. In the month after this incident, a formal police inquiry was conducted at the request of the victim to protect her anonymity, leading to a gradual reduction of the image's appearance within social and terrestrial media. Following the closure of this investigation, the victim's lawyers issued a statement maintaining that while the image had been taken with her consent, she was under the impression that it had been deleted shortly after – and certainly not distributed via social media (Maurice Blackburn Lawyers, 2017). She sought to drop the charges police laid against the accused both to protect her identity and to prevent further distress (SBS, 2017). On 29 October 2017 – almost a month after the image's release – premiership player Nathan Broad was identified as the person responsible for taking and distributing the original image. A press conference was held with Broad and the president of the RFC, Peggy O'Neal, where Broad issued a statement claiming he would take full responsibility for his actions and confirmed he took and distributed the image without consent (Cherny, 2017). The only formal sanction Broad received from the RFC was a three-week suspension at the beginning of the 2018 AFL season (Cherny, 2017). This incident (henceforth referred to as the “Broad incident”) 1 represents a high-profile case of a certain form of technology-facilitated violence (TFV) – image-based sexual abuse (IBSA). Due to police intervention, attempts were made to remove the original image from circulation on social media. While this image can still be located today, its circulation decreased significantly after police attempted to remove it. As a result of these efforts, the ability to analyze the diffusion of the original incident of nonconsensual sexual imagery was limited. However, the subsequent identification in late October 2017 of Nathan Broad as the individual who took the image generated significant social media interest, and produced a body of historical Twitter data that provided a valuable substrate for us to analyze how social media users sought to contest or condone Nathan Broad's naming and sanction. Incidents such as these hold value for criminological analysis, as they can provide a window into public sentiments on the perpetration of, and institutional responses to, IBSA. Moreover, as criminologists such as Powell, Overington, and Hamilton (2018) have demonstrated, examining responses to high-profile crimes on social media can provide a valuable means of researching the content and diffusion of narratives about crime in the contemporary mediascape. In undertaking such projects, a Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology provides important insights into the degree of homophily within networks who respond to crimes on social media, and the role of central “nodes” in diffusing narratives about crime and perpetration. 2 Such insights are important given that early work within digital criminology has emphasized the “networked” morphology of contemporary harms – speaking, for example, of “networked misogyny” (Banet-Weiser & Miltner, 2016; Thompson & Wood, 2018, p. 12) – but has yet to examine the structural properties of these networks. To date, criminologists have yet to explore the utility of an SNA approach for examining social media–based responses to IBSA and other criminalized acts. To demonstrate the utility of SNA within this context, this study examined this incident of IBSA in Australia. In addition to answering the questions below, this project was concerned with not only the what of the research process but also the how. Readers are encouraged to consider the results and analysis as they would a pilot study – wherein qualitative Twitter data and a network of user relations were operationalized to generate an initial framework for understanding how structural analysis of incidents of IBSA can better demarcate the spread of sentiment through a network. In examining the Broad incident using this methodology, we sought to address the following questions: What are the structural and intermedia features of Twitter users' responses to IBSA? In what ways do Twitter users contest and/or condone IBSA? These questions enabled us to explore user engagement as a process involving both personal and media accounts, and the interactions they share to contest and/or condone a narrative on an incident of IBSA. Furthermore, our analysis offers a novel approach to analyzing public sentiment toward an incident of IBSA, providing structural and intermedia analysis of the response to the incident. This chapter is divided into four main sections. In section one, we review the relevant literature relating to online engagement, digital platforms, and IBSA. In the next section, we discuss the methodological contributions of this work and reflect on the utility of the methods used in this research for future studies into TFV and IBSA. In section three, we detail the major findings from this research; drawing on an Applied Thematic Analysis (ATA) we outline the narrative promulgated by both journalist and news media accounts, alongside personal Twitter users, and how interactions between these users generated a reverse-flow of sentiment. This is represented within a hierarchized visual framework characteristic of SNA to outline the flow of information and sentiment between different types of users responding to the Broad incident. This process enabled us to identify three “user roles” – Reference, Mediator, and Listener – with each performing distinct functions in the diffusion and reception of sentiment within the network. These user roles demonstrate how responses to crime on social media may be structured by clear hierarchies, with some users occupying dialogically significant positions within these networks. Through an ATA of the tweets responding to Broad's naming in the media, we identified an informal justice-seeking response by users to Broad and his actions, alongside a replication of this sentiment within Reference users over time. The counterhegemonic discourses that appeared in response to Broad disrupted the neutral narrative of the Broad incident within Reference accounts and produced a more favorable and balanced consideration of the harms to the victim. Finally, we conclude by reflecting on the implications of this research for online responses to IBSA. We posit that demarcating the connections between social media actors – Mediators, Listeners, and Reference accounts – may enhance our understanding of their specific role in contesting and altering passive narratives of sexual harm online. Literature Review This chapter is situated amid a burgeoning literature on the spectatorship of, and engagement with, TFV and IBSA (Henry, McGlynn, Flynn, Johnson, Powell, & Scott, 2020; Henry & Powell, 2018). It is important to note that such spectatorship involves not only individual observation of an incident of IBSA but also their response to this observation. Here, the act of spectatorship is not confined simply to the object and viewer, or “the spectator and the spectacle,” but also involves “the association between spectators,” or in this instance structural relations between Twitter users (Wood, 2017, p. 9). This grounds our methodology, in seeking to demarcate the connections that shape engagement on social media platforms, a process which is mediated not only by social forces but also the technological (infra)structure of social networking platforms. Twitter has been described as a “personal public” (Schmidt, 2014, p. 4) – a communicative space framed by the dimensions of software, relations, and rules. The concept of personal publics is not limited to Twitter and operates as a foundation for understanding the mechanics of Web 2.0 and user-generated content and interactions. Within a personal public, information is selected and displayed according to personal relevance criteria such as the social network a user situates themselves within. This is then mediated through ties made explicit by the platform – such as following, retweeting, and liking. Twitter itself can be distinguished from other social networks by the specific articulation of these user relations which are utilized to structure communicative flow – “the nexus of social ties and textual references, based on code-enabled connections” (Schmidt, 2014, p. 6). The foundational concept guiding these Twitter relations is that of “following” users – a unilateral relationship used to subscribe to other users' tweets and calculate user visibility metrics. Replies, retweets, and mentions, function as communicative references that allow for navigation to user profiles. These factors produce a stable and dynamic social networking service consisting of networked and distributed conversations (Schmidt, 2014), which enables potentially exponential public distribution and engagement with nonconsensual sexual imagery such as the image released by Broad. Researchers have noted that social media platforms such as Twitter have allowed for a redemocratization of the public sphere (Papacharissi, 2002). The assembly of counterpublics (Fraser, 1990) by girls and women on social media to contest social exclusion and subordination has been documented within criminological literature (Khoja-Moolji, 2015). Technology has, for example, allowed victims and their supporters to engage in “name and shame” tactics to ensure that behavior of abusers is not excused, and to contest the inadequacy of institutional responses to sexual violence such as TFV (Powell, 2015; Salter, 2013; Wood, Rose, & Thompson, 2019, p. 3). Considering the inadequacy of existing institutional responses to rape and violence against women in the form of state-sanctioned justice (Powell, 2015), social media–enabled informal justice-seeking plays an important role in the way victims of sexual violence and their supporters can create counterhegemonic discourses online. Informal justice and contemporary digital activism movements have been conceptualized as an asymmetrical and nonhierarchical endeavor within Powell, Stratton, and Cameron's (2018) theory of rhizomatic justice. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's (1988) figuration of the rhizome, Powell, Stratton et al.’s (2018) theory accounts for the diversity of activist behaviors in a digital context, where organizations, groups, and individuals are linked loosely and embody significant diversity (Funke, 2014). The resulting spread of motivations and agendas can lead these forms of activism to both enhance democracy and new forms of bigotry, which may outweigh the original infraction (Powell, Stratton et al., 2018). This is a constructive explanation for the consequences of informal justice-seeking. The utilization of a rhizomatic analogy, however, implies a flattening of hierarchies within these communities, which minimizes the “algorithmically-curated information environment” (Wood, 2019, p. 573) of social media, the in-built architecture that structures social media use. Identifying key nodes and influencers residing within a network who occupy a more significant role in information diffusion (Wood et al., 2019) holds the potential to identify information flow to institutional social media accounts. This chapter compliments the rhizomatic model of informal justice-seeking through an identification of the structural relations that underpinned online users' informal justice response to the Broad incident. Methodology Our study utilized a parallel mixed methods research design that combined a quantitative SNA and qualitative ATA (Borgatti, Everett, & Johnson, 2018) to establish a structural understanding of the social media response to the 2017 Broad incident. These methods enabled the assessment of differing components of the phenomenon, enhancing its interpretability. We collected and analyzed these quantitative and qualitative data sources separately before integrating them in the second phase of the project (Creswell & Clark, 2007). To begin this process, an SNA was conducted to develop a quantitative representation of different user types with a corpus of data relating to an incident of IBSA. SNA enabled the visualization of relational ties between social actors – in this case individual Twitter users, such as journalists, institutional news media accounts, and personal Twitter users. This included interactions such as liking or retweeting user content, and follower/followee relationships. These ties could be typologized through user type differentiation established by Beguerisse-Díaz, Garduno-Hernández, Vangelov, Yaliraki, and Barahona (2014) in their SNA of the London riots:

Aim: The volume of research being conducted on the acceptance of social media platforms is rising. But the factors influencing the acceptance for academic reasons are still not properly identified. This study's goal is two-fold. Initially, by including Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and external variables, analyze the students' intention to use social media networks. Secondly, to employ Machine Learning (ML) algorithms and Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to verify the proposed theoretical model. Methods: The focus of this research is to create a conceptual model by supplementing TAM with a subjective norm to assess students' adoption of social media in the classroom. Students currently at one private university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) provided a sum of 627 acceptable questionnaire surveys out of 700 distributed corresponding to 89.6%. The collected data were evaluated using ML and PLS-SEM. Results: According to the research findings, students' intention to utilize social media networks for learning is significantly predicted by “subjective norms, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use”. These findings illustrated how crucial it is for students to feel capable and secure using social networks in their academic work. For validation using machine learning classifiers, the results showed that J48 (a decision tree) typically outperformed other classifiers. Conclusion: According to the empirical findings, "subjective norm," "perceived usefulness and ease of use" all significantly increase students' intention to use social networks for learning. These results were in line with earlier research on social network acceptability. Lawmakers and managers of social media platforms in education must therefore concentrate on those factors that are crucial to promoting education and enhancing students' capacity for developing and implementing successful social media applications.

Using social media effectively in a surgical practice

Large corporations have taken benefit of social media marketing's potential as a forum for marketing and have used it to drive their ad campaigns. Marketers are more conscious than ever of the different social media options that are available to them and are moving much faster than ever to start new sustainability campaigns. Social marketing is the method of promoting a company and its products and services through social media and other networks. While propagating their culture, mission, or desirable tone, organizations can utilize social media marketing to communicate with their existing customers and entice new ones. With help of data analytics tools specifically designed for social media marketing, marketers may monitor the effectiveness of their campaigns. The way we interact with one another and how our society functions as a whole have both changed as a consequence of social networking. Entrepreneurs started to notice how popular social media platforms like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram are becoming more and more. They started utilizing these platforms for social media marketing purposes to advance their objectives. That's because these websites have the power to alter user behaviour. On the social media platforms, marketing professionals can employ a variety of strategies and techniques to catch users' attention and enhance the engagement of their content. Marketers can employ the particular geographic, demographic, and personal information that users can submit on a variety of social media networks to customize their messaging to what is most likely to be popular with consumers. Social media is one of the "biggest chances" a company has currently now just to reach out to prospective customers. The means of socialization are social media. By establishing a closer connection with the public, these new media gain the trust of the public. Social networking marketing has transformed into the new norm for many organizations since the beginnings of last year. Social networking marketing has advanced, as have the companies that use it. It is impossible to pay to be completely silent on social media if a rival is generating controversy with its services and products. It is equally astounding how quickly the social media phenomenon is expanding and growing. With publication came social media marketing first. In an attempt to boost visitors to their sites and preferably, revenue, businesses published their information on social media. Social networking, however, has expanded to be a lot more than simply a method for disseminating information. Companies increasingly utilize social networking sites in a wide range of ways. For instance, an organization that is curious in what customers have to say about its brand may monitoring social media conversations and respond to significant references. In order to determine how effectively a company is operating on social media, it would employ an analytics tool to examine at its visibility, engagement, and sales. Highly targeted social media advertisements would be used by a company looking to reach a certain population on a large scale. The term "social media management" is frequently used to refer to all of them. Numerous ways in which social media has altered business. It is a reality that because of the digital era in which we live, social media and internet marketing have a big influence on how people behave. The technology is evolving quickly, which has increased both supply and demand over time. Automation of all processes is the only way to deal with the significant changes. Despite the emergence of the new communications era, experts advise companies to keep employing conventional methods while also making the most of social media to promote their goals. This study analyzes social media and social media marketing principles as well as related topics like social media's development and advantages, its function and importance in marketing, and its social media marketing tactics. It also offers a broad perspective of marketing through social media in India.

Social media use in the United States has been steadily increasing over the past decade as various social media platforms have become the primary channel of online engagement for the American internet user. Today, Americans use social media to communicate with friends, family, and peers, access entertainment and education, engage in various business and commercial activities, and influence the lifestyles of consumers. As the spectrum of purposeful use of social media diversifies, this paper examines geographic patterns of social media adoption, diffusion, and utilization in U.S. counties. Alongside, the paper also examines demographic and socioeconomic determinants of purposeful social media utilization. Overall, the study sheds light on an important aspect of the contemporary digital divide in the United States.To examine purposeful social network and media use, the paper focuses on penetration of popular social media/networking platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Instagram, and YouTube in U.S. counties. The purpose of use of such platforms – to engage in e-communication, e-commerce, e-entertainment, e-health, and e-education are also examined through the dual lenses of geographic and socioeconomic variations. By borrowing from Adoption-Diffusion Theory (ADT) and Spatially Aware Technology Utilization Model (SATUM), the paper’s conceptual framework posits associations of 18 independent variables with 17 indicators of social media penetration and purposeful usage. Spatial patterns and disparities of social media penetration and purposeful use are analyzed and provide important clues about the geography of the social media digital divide. For example, social media penetration and purposeful use in counties in the U.S. rural south are found to rival counties in the Rocky Mountain States and in some cases exceed counties in urban metropolitan areas in the West- and East Coasts. The presence of spatial bias in social media penetration and use is also diagnosed using spatial autocorrelation analysis. This in turn influences the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression-based analysis of socioeconomic, infrastructural, and social capital underpinnings. For a sample of 3,076 counties in the lower 48 states, leading determinants of purposeful social media use are found to be age structure, urbanization, race/ethnicity and professional, scientific, technical services and overall service sector occupations are found to influence social network access and purposeful use. These findings have important policy implications to broaden the reach and impacts of social media in the U.S.Overall, as the digital divide literature expands its focus from access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) to their actual use and ultimate impact, this study is unique due to its focus on purposeful use of social media. Sourcing data from a variety of public- and private sources, the study focuses on social media usage as well as access and sheds light on county-level disparities and their socioeconomic underpinnings. As purposeful internet use continues to diversify, the findings of this study can inform social media adoption, diffusion, and use policies in light of the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure that all Americans can participate and engage in online activities and derive benefits in an equitable way.

Navigating Social Media in #Ophthalmology

Text data from social media and networks are ubiquitous and are emerging at a high rate. Tackling these bulky text data has become a challenging task and an important field of research. The mining of text data and examining it with the help of several clustering techniques, classification techniques, and soft computing methods has been studied in a comprehensive manner in the past. This chapter focuses mainly on the hybrid techniques that have been used to mine textual data from social networks and media data. Social networks are considered a profuse source of viewpoints and outlooks of the public on a worldwide scale. An enormous amount of social media data is produced on a regular basis, generated because of the communication between the users who have signed up for the various social media platforms on several topics such as books, movies, politics, products, etc. The users vary in terms of factors such as viewpoints, scenarios, geographical situations, and many other settings. If mined efficiently, the data have the potential to provide a helpful outcome of an exegesis of social quirks and traits. This chapter offers a detailed methodology on how data mining, especially text mining, is applied to social networks in general. Furthermore, it goes on to introduce the traditional models used in mining the various hybrid methodologies that have evolved and make a comparative analysis. We also aim to provide the future scope and research studies present in this field with all possible new innovations and their applications in the real world.

Together We Can Improve Outcomes in Kidney Failure: Examining Social Networks in Hemodialysis

Ethical standards for cardiothoracic surgeons' participation in social media

Musings on Social Media and GIST (Gastrointestinal Stromal Cancer)

As social networks become increasingly popular, they have positively changed the business environment by encouraging and providing collaboration opportunities. Social media networks have also enhanced knowledge sharing, innovation, and relationship building, which is growing very fast among enterprises. Many enterprises are assessing the potential of exploiting the commercial opportunities of this technology, which could enhance employee engagement and provide a variety of effects on collaborative work (e.g., relational and personal benefits to organizations). Although these benefits are not only limited to commercial organisations, but also higher education communities are benefiting, as they enable communication, collaboration, and knowledge exchange between individuals. The interest of academic research is in discovering whether the staff and scientific researchers use enterprise social networks as part of their work practices. This focus is motivated by an apparent schism between a need for researchers to exchange knowledge, collaborate, and the aversion to engaging their ideas by communicating through specific digital channels with other individuals. This literature review highlights the influencing factors on the adoption of social networking in higher education, and how these factors differ under different types of social networking, and diverse perspectives in different education levels.