Abstract
BackgroundInsect species have established sophisticated symbiotic associations with diverse groups of microorganisms including bacteria which have been shown to affect several aspects of their biology, physiology, ecology and evolution. In addition, recent studies have shown that insect symbionts, including those localized in the gastrointestinal tract, can be exploited for the enhancement of sterile insect technique (SIT) applications against major insect pests such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata. We previously showed that Enterobacter sp. AA26 can be used as probiotic supplement in medfly larval diet improving the productivity and accelerating the development of the VIENNA 8 genetic sexing strain (GSS), which is currently used in large scale operational SIT programs worldwide.ResultsEnterobacter sp. AA26 was an adequate nutritional source for C. capitata larvae, comprising an effective substitute for brewer’s yeast. Incorporating inactive bacterial cells in the larval diet conferred a number of substantial beneficial effects on medfly biology. The consumption of bacteria-based diet (either as full or partial yeast replacement) resulted in decreased immature stages mortality, accelerated immature development, increased pupal weight, and elongated the survival under stress conditions. Moreover, neither the partial nor the complete replacement of yeast with Enterobacter sp. AA26 had significant impact on adult sex ratio, females’ fecundity, adults’ flight ability and males’ mating competitiveness. The absence of both yeast and Enterobacter sp. AA26 (deprivation of protein source and possible other important nutrients) from the larval diet detrimentally affected the larval development, survival and elongated the immature developmental duration.ConclusionsEnterobacter sp. AA26 dry biomass can fully replace the brewer’s yeast as a protein source in medfly larval diet without any effect on the productivity and the biological quality of reared medfly of VIENNA 8 GSS as assessed by the FAO/IAEA/USDA standard quality control tests. We discuss this finding in the context of mass-rearing and SIT applications.
Highlights
Insect species have established sophisticated symbiotic associations with diverse groups of microorganisms including bacteria which have been shown to affect several aspects of their biology, physiology, ecology and evolution
Strains and rearing conditions The experiments were conducted at the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)/ International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL), Seibersdorf, Austria, using the medfly Vienna 8 D53− genetic sexing strain (GSS), which carries the selectable markers white pupae [31] and temperature sensitive lethal [32]
AA26 biomass on pupa and adult recovery The analysis on the proportion of the viable eggs that developed into pupae and adults revealed that brewer’s yeast (Y) replacement with Enterobacter sp
Summary
Insect species have established sophisticated symbiotic associations with diverse groups of microorganisms including bacteria which have been shown to affect several aspects of their biology, physiology, ecology and evolution. The bacterial contribution to insects’ nutrition could be facilitated through i) extending the host digestive abilities (e.g. acquisition of digestive enzymes), ii) provisioning vitamins or other by-products of the bacterial metabolism, and in a more straight way by iii) digesting bacteria cells as a nutrient source [2, 3]. Irrespective of their specific role, insects’ intestinal bacteria could be important elements of their host fitness. Despite the variation among studies, stemmed mainly by the experimentation with different medfly populations, developmental stages or methods used, the Enterobacterales species Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Providencia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea, Morgonella and Citrobacter are commonly isolated from medfly gut [4,5,6]
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