Ensuring System Reliability: Distributed Energy Resources and Bulk Power System Considerations

Abstract

Rooftop solar energy, storage batteries, and electric vehicles are changing the way people use and produce electricity. These are among the growing set of technologies called distributed energy resources (DERs) because they are typically connected to the utility at the medium-voltage distribution system. In general, the utility distribution system connects substations to homes and businesses. The effect of DE Rs on operating the power grid has been dramatic and exciting, and they provide both challenges and benefits to the entire grid: spanning utilization, distribution, and transmission voltage ranges. The zero-carbon resources among the broader family of DE Rs are critical in complying with state and federal energy policies. This, in turn, has required grid operators, utilities, regulators, consumer advocates, and lawmakers to reach out across traditional domains to engage in the robust dialog and coordination needed to integrate distribution-level resources to the larger high-voltage grid and the networked bulk power systems (BPSs).