ENSURING FOOD SECURITY IN KAZAKHSTAN: THEORY, METHODOLOGY AND PRACTICE OF AGRIBUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Objective. The objective of the research is theoretical and practical study of factors and directions of influence on the formation of modern trends in world food trade and directions for overcoming the food crisis. Also research of food security problems and ways to overcome the food crisis in Ukraine. Methods. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: descriptive, analytical, analysis and synthesis, generalization and systematization, induction and deduction, statistical, tabular. Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that food is a primary strategic commodity, a priority direction for the development of the world economy and international politics. Also, under the current circumstances, the problem of ensuring global food security in the modern world is intensifying, the main reasons for which are the instability of the global agro-food market and the crisis in agricultural production. It was determined that at the current stage of the development of economic thought there is no single approach and methods of developing world food trade in the processes of ensuring food security. There are a large number of funds and organizations that help develop world food trade, due to which they stabilize the state of world food security with some success, providing recommendations and methods for overcoming the food crisis, the most significant contribution was made by the «Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)». The list of countries that are the most influential and significant global food exporters has been determined. According to the results of the analysis of statistical data, it was established that Ukraine was also an influential participant in the international food market before the events of February 2022, but due to these events, it lost volumes from certain food items. In general, the international food market showed a trend of growth in food production volumes and a stable increase in prices, which has recently been of a rapid nature. It is established that in 2022, the highest price increase in the whole world in the last 40 years took place and the trend of recession of food security in the world can be traced.

Abstract. Goal. Assessment of the current state of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan, its role in ensuring the country's food security, substantiation of the directions of its development and minimization of threats to food security. Methods. In the course of the study, analytical and economic-statistical methods, general scientific methods of systemic, comparative and structural-logical analysis were used. Results. The article presents the results of an assessment of the current state of agriculture in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the main criteria for the country's food security: dynamics and volume of sown areas, livestock and poultry, crop yields, dynamics of crop and livestock production, volumes and dynamics of imports and exports of food products, the level depreciation of fixed assets and provision of agricultural producers with machinery. The main problems of agricultural production are identified, the threats to the country's food security are identified. Measures of state support and state regulation of the agro-industrial complex of the country aimed at its further development, increasing the efficiency of its activities, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products in the domestic and foreign markets, saturating the domestic market with socially significant food products in order to ensure the country's food security are disclosed. The trends in the development of the agro-industrial complex within the framework of the main state development programs are given: Concepts for the development of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan for 2021–2030 and the National project for the development of the agro-industrial complex for 2021–2025. Scientific novelty lies in the study of the problems of the country's food security and the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex, and the determination of the main directions for the development and state support of agricultural production in order to increase the level of the country's food security.

Agriculture is an important and organic part of the national economy of any country. Its role is great in ensuring the country's food security, improving the balance of payments and strengthening state independence. The state and proportions of development of other sectors of the national economy depend on the level and speed of development of agricultural production. This connection is reflected in both technical-technological and industrial-economic connections. At the same time, this connection is bilateral, with the increase of agricultural production, the structure and quality of food of the population improves, the volume of imported food decreases, which has a positive impact on reducing the balance of payments deficit and increasing the degree of independence of the country. Due to the important role of agriculture, the field received a lot of attention in the first years of the restoration of independence, which is confirmed by the agrarian policy developed and implemented during that period, whose primary task was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. In connection with the important role of agriculture in the first years of the restoration of independence of the region, much attention was paid, which is confirmed by the agricultural policy developed and implemented during this period, the main task of which was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. At the same time, it was a great challenge for a country with a devastated economy, followed by significant reforms in agriculture, restructuring of the sector and the creation of an appropriate legal framework, the integration of state regulation of the market economy and self-regulatory mechanisms. However, under the influence of a number of external and internal factors, it was not possible to fully implement the developed agrarian policy. Agriculture is still characterized by low productivity and, consequently, by a small share in the sectoral structure of the national economy. The country has serious problems in supplying and providing vital agricultural products such as wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat and poultry. The global pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have put the issue of solving the country’s food security problem on the agenda. To this end, the revitalization of rural areas, social stability and balancing the level of migration from rural to urban areas should be a priority. Establishing food security is a complex task and is primarily the responsibility of the government. There is no universal mechanism for solving the global food security problem in the world today. This problem must be solved at the national level, as food security is considered to be a level of national food production that allows the principle of self-sufficiency of the population and state reserves with food to be implemented in accordance with scientifically substantiated norms. The current severe economic crisis in the country has further intensified the social background and demanded the strengthening of the stimulating and organizing function of the state. The issue of state regulation of the agricultural sector should be considered in close connection with the development of entrepreneurship and self-regulation of production at the micro level, and priority should be given to measures that maximize the adaptation of producers to market economic conditions, increase production efficiency and competitiveness, which will ultimately contribute to the saturation of the market with domestic products and state food security. It should also be noted that recent years and even more so the pandemic process, have once again confirmed the notions of omnipotence on the market mechanism. The market does not have a magic wand that will solve all the problems by itself and regulate the existing problems. The myth of the role of the "invisible hand" and the crisis itself is a thing of the past. The modern world community supports the social orientation of the economy, therefore "realizing the dangerous nature of social polarization", which can not be solved by bypassing state regulation and mechanisms.

The purpose and objectives of the studyThe purpose of the dissertation is to develop promising areas of trade and economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries in the context of solving the problem of food security in modern economic conditions.To achieve the goal of the study, the followingtasks were set and solved:–to consider the theoretical aspects of the country's food security, the effects and risks of its decline;–to study the world experience of forming food security of countries;–to study the state policy of China in the field of ensuring food security;–to assess the export opportunities in the food sector of the EAEU countries;–to identify and justify promising areas of food exports to the PRC by the EAEU countries, as well as the implementation of joint investment projects in the field of agriculture.The object of the study is trade and economic cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries in the field of ensuring food security.The subject of the study is the substantiation of the main directions of ensuring food security based on the development of mutually beneficial cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the EAEU countries, the development of the export potential of states, and the improvement of investment activities.Provisions submitted for defense1. The essence and content of the category "food security" are defined, distinctive characteristics and criteria for assessing the level of food security are identified.2. An assessment of the position of the People's Republic of China in the field of food security is carried out, the evolution of changes in the nutritional structure of the population of the PRC is considered,3. Factors complicating the solution of the food problem in the country, the dependence of the domestic food market of China on imports of food products, and strategic directions for ensuring food security in China are identified.4. The reduction of food security risks in each of the EAEU member states has been revealed, which is primarily facilitated by mutual provision of various types of food products, prospects for the sustainable development of agriculture, ensuring the growth of physical availability of food products in the Union countries, self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products have been established5. The potential for cooperation between the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of agriculture and its importance for solving the food problem in China have been established, as well as the main areas of development of agricultural exports from the EAEU countries to China: commodity structure, volumes, dynamics and prospects for expanding volumes and improving the quality of products.Personal contribution of the applicantThe dissertation is an independently completed scientific study: the provisions submitted for defense have been developed by the author independently, have practical significance, the topic of the dissertation corresponds to the specialty 7-06-0311-01 "Economics".Dissertation approval and information on the use of its resultsThe main provisions, conclusions and results of the dissertation were presented at the 75th scientific and technical conference of pupils, students and master's students, April 22-27, 2024 - Minsk: Belarusian State Technological University. Based on the materials of the dissertation research, an article was published on the topic"The problem of food security and the main directions of its solution in the People's Republic of China".Structure and volume of the dissertationThe dissertation consists of an introduction, a general description of the work, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references. Chapter 1 studies theoretical approaches to the study of the problem of food security, considers the concept of "food security" and its distinctive features, defines the stages of formation of modern approaches to this global problem, and formulates the risks and threats of violating the country's food security. Chapter 2 considers methodological approaches to assessing the food security of states and regions of the world, and provides an overview of the criteria for measuring the level of food security and self-sufficiency of the country in food. The third chapter includes a study of the state policy of China and the countries of the Eurasian region in the field of development of food security, substantiation of the main directions of trade and economic cooperation of the EAEU countries and China in the field of agriculture and ensuring food security of states. The work is presented on 98 pages. The volume occupied by 8 figures, 24 tables and a list of used literature, including 38 sources, is 18 pages.

The problem of food security and food safety in the modern world has escalated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is evidenced by the growing relevance of these topics at the world economic forums. The same can be said about Georgia. For this, it is important to develop the potential of the agricultural sector for sustainable economic development and inclusive economic growth development and implementation of digitalization policy. The discussion in the traditional agricultural sector paradigm does not affect the overall results. In the modern, extremely dynamic era, it is very difficult to focus on any one aspect of an actual problem, which means that it is necessary to have a broad, wide picture and at the same time to focus on particular details. The purpose of the research is to identify new circumstances, problems, threats, risks and opportunities that arise in the agricultural sector of Georgia in the context of post-socialist and post-industrial transformation and accelerated technological progress. The agricultural sector in Georgia is characterized by conservatism, which often creates an obstacle to innovative development, the productivity of the agricultural sector is very low, the country is dependent on imports Discussion of the issue in an unconventional paradigm revealed the hidden prospects and opportunities of the industry, the implementation of which is achievable through digitalization. Digital transformation allows traditional industries to modernize. The comparison of the fields with the "champions" of the field in the study of individual fields of the country shows a huge difference and plays a dismotivational role. In order to show real prospects, it is better to compare with each other countries in similar starting conditions (namely Georgia with countries with a protracted transformation). The countries of protracted transformation are simultaneously in three parallel crises (post-socialist transformation, post-industrial transformation, pandemic): The pandemic and post-industrial transformation to some extent equalize the starting conditions for the digitalization of developed and developing countries. The Post-socialist and transitional problems, sectoral degradation and orientation towards Soviet paradigms; According to the characteristics of technology, democracy, human development, GDP per capita and the Gini index, Georgia is considered an outsider country. However, the perspectives can be seen that are not visible on the surface. At this stage, Georgia does not have enough realized potential for positioning in exclusive consumer niches with an exclusive product (wine, cheese, red bread, tea, Kakhetian oil, etc.), Georgia has the prospect of realizing the potential of exclusivity in the sector through the digitalization of sector management. At the same time, export as a function of delivering products to foreign consumers allows us to consider agritourism as a kind of export. This is one of the novelties of this research. Other novelty of this research is comparison of technologies, social-political formation, humanistic conditions of morality and values through the history, also interdependence of these aspects. During research was compared different indicators. A combined weighted analysis of all these indicators makes it possible to assess the readiness or expectations of a new formation of a particular country. This also makes possible to effectively develop a policy for the development of industries. Key words: Agriculture, Agriculture Technologies, Food, Food Safety, Food Security, Digitalization.

The article presents the criteria and indicators that characterize the country's food security. The foreign experience in the regulation of food security is considered, the use of which in the Republic of Kazakhstan will create conditions for the sustainable development of production, increasing the competitiveness of domestic products, and the formation of an efficiently functioning food market. At the initial stage, the evaluation criteria were the per capita incomes of the population and the carryover stocks of food grains (first at the level of 20% and then 16% of the total annual consumption), now the evaluation criteria are expanding and becoming more complex. The criteria for food security include: the sustainability of the development of the agro-industrial complex (APC), fisheries and forestry, which increases the production of food to increase inventories and in the event of food aid to other countries that have suffered natural disasters or wars; A high level of scientific achievements, increasing technical and technological equipment, improving the gene pool of livestock and crop production; Environmental and nature conservation policies and practices that ensure the conservation and improvement of soil fertility, yield, etc. When establishing the criteria for national food security, it is necessary to take into account that they should characterize the level of satisfaction of the population’s food needs, as well as the degree of sustainability of the country’s food supply. The economic basis of national security in the food sector is the provision of basic food for the population of the country. This means that if an uninterrupted supply of basic foodstuffs is sufficient for medical purposes, the country’s food security can be considered guaranteed.

The article touches upon the problem of food security as one of the main factors of social and economic development of the state. The problem of food security is particularly acute at the regional level, as not all regions can produce the necessary quantities of basic food due to differences in soil and climatic conditions. In the Astrakhan region there has been estimated the degree of security for the main food products; the need to consider both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of food for developing methods of food security assessment is being substantiated. There have been studied the reasons of decreasing the level of food self-sufficiency in the Astrakhan region, which can be explained by inefficient use of arable lands, non-observance of scientifically proved change of crops in time and space, ignoring the principles of agricultural zoning and all-round cultivation of vegetables and potatoes by the producers. To eliminate the negative manifestations in the agricultural production of the region it has been proposed to put into practice the system of strategic management in the agricultural sector of the economy and to develop strategic directions of the agro-industrial complex of the region in order to achieve the standards of food self-sufficiency for basic items of food supply. To assess the competitive advantages of agroindustrial production in the region, it was proposed to test the author's methodology, which provides integrated assessment of the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex for each rural area of the Astrakhan region based on eight proposed key factors. There has been made a classification of eleven districts of the Astrakhan region on two levels of competitiveness has been carried out and the assessment of the state of the regional agroindustrial complex, which allows to develop strategic directions of development of the agroindustrial complex of the region for the near and long-term prospects.

This article discusses the activities of the police and the «Volunteer Police» in Turkestan in 1924, in particular in the Fergana region, the disruptions in their economic and financial supply, the reduction in the number of police, the allocation of funds and food security problems. It also provides information on the activities of the workers ‘and peasants’ militia in the early years of Soviet power, namely that there were two types of militiamen: state, mainly city militiamen, and volunteer militia. It is noted that the provision of police volunteers is the responsibility of the local population, which, in turn, has a certain «response» in the protection of law and order, the protection of state interests among the population.Index Terms: police, workers and peasants police, Soviet government, “Volunteer police”, supply, “Two weeks of aid”, army, Revolutionary Committee, Red Army, printing, illiteracy

The problem of food security is global in the context of sanctions and conflicts. The study is devoted to the assessment of the level of food security of the Russian Federation. The paper assesses the current level of food security in Russia based on the analysis of trends in the development of the agro-industrial complex, and also identifies threats and challenges to Russia’s food security at the present stage. The research is based on statistical data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, as well as analysis methods including computational and constructive, monographic, economic and statistical, comparative and system analysis, synthesis, etc. The article suggests measures to strengthen Russia’s food security, taking into account the unpredictable development of the Russian economy. The results of the work make it possible to conclude that, despite the problems, the Russian agro-industrial complex successfully provides food to the population of the country and continues to gain momentum in the export of products. Russian scientists clarify the concept of innovation, the latest threats, problems of food security in individual countries and regions. The situation is aggravated by such factors as the imposition of sanctions on persons related to agricultural assets, the impact of sanctions on transportation and finance, and other restrictions, bikies. The Ukrainian crisis and Western restrictions against Russia are damaging food stability at both regional and country-wide, global levels.

The article examines the issue of food security in the context of business management during wartime. The impact of military operations on the production, quality control and supply of food products, as well as the role of the state in regulating the food sector, is analyzed, and the relevance of food safety in the context of business management during wartime is proven. Regions and the state should participate in the management of production and control of quality food products, ensuring food security. That is why the problem of food security should be relevant and taken into account when choosing a management strategy for any enterprise. Food security in wartime is an extremely important issue. Product quality control, protection against falsification, ensuring compliance of food products with standards - these are the tasks facing enterprises and state bodies. That is why the problem of food security must be relevant and taken into account when choosing a management strategy for any enterprise. The issue of strategic management of food quality in such conditions, in our opinion, requires deeper analysis. Key challenges related to ensuring safe food, maintaining food availability and the impact of economic factors on the agro-industrial complex are identified. Mechanisms are proposed to increase the level of food safety through state control, stimulating innovation and implementing a circular economy. Prospects for the development of the food system under martial law are outlined. Innovative technologies will be able to ensure the survival and revival of Ukraine, which involves the creation of an appropriate effective economic mechanism. The war gave impetus to the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, so the importance of such a mechanism is growing. An innovative mechanism should be understood as a set of economic levers that would help develop innovative products and technologies and implement them at enterprises of all industries. A significant role in this mechanism is assigned to the state, which must form the demand for innovations by purchasing such products, lending, subsidies, tax reductions and other incentives.

The formation and development of agro-food market at the national and regional levels are accompanied by objective difficulties, which have different nature of origin. A solution of the key task to meet the population’s needs for affordable and high-quality food is in many respects in the area of product promotion to the end user and related problems. In this regard, the authors can conclude that the agro-food market in its present form is the most problematic aspect of activities of Russian agricultural producers. Existing restrictions on the supply of food from some countries have given a certain impetus for the development of agro-industrial complex (AIC) and an increase in the competitiveness of agricultural products. In general, for the period of 2013-2017, the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation with food has increased, the targets of Food Security Doctrine for providing grain, potatoes, sugar, vegetable oil, meat have been fulfilled. The production of cattle, fruit and vegetable products, eggs remains a problem. At the same time, there is a stable dependence of domestic AIC on imported supplies of seed, selection and breeding material, which does not allow talking about full-value import substitution. In this case, the state support of the scientific and innovative environment, ensuring the necessary level of communication between all market players, regulation of land relations, comes to the forefront. The important direction in the development of the agro-food market at the regional level is an interregional trade. The agro-food market of the Tambov region has features typical for most regions of Russia. It requires significant improvement of production and logistics infrastructure, the formation of the favorable investment climate, renewal of fixed assets, a solution of demographic and personnel problems. Nevertheless, in the Tambov region, there are prerequisites for increasing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector, meeting the demand in the regional agro-food market through domestic production.

Nutrition have an important role in the formation and maintenance of health, increasing the life expectancy of a person. The purpose of the work is to consider the state of production and food supply for the population of Ukraine in accordance with rational norms of their consumption. There was a significant decrease in the consumption of the country's population, compared with rational norms, of the most important food products — milk, dairy products, meat and meat products, fruits and berry cropsin during the period of economic reform, which is associated with a decrease in their production volumes. In 2018 the production of animal and poultry meat (in slaughter weight) decreased by 46.0%, milk — by 58.9%, fruits and berry crops by 11.4% compared with 1990. The purchasing power of the population also is low. Therefore, to solve the country's food security problem, it is necessary to develop a targeted program for the development of the country's agro-industrial complex for a long period (10-15 years), pay special attention to the revival of the village, increase the volume of agricultural production and its processing, and ensure economic accessibility to the population in acquiring food.

Food Security in the Arab World

Relevance and goals. The relationship between the economic security of the state and the regulation of the agro-industrial complex is predetermined by the fact that the agro-industrial complex occupies an important place in the Russian economy. Reliable food supply to the population depends on the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to develop effective measures of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex in order to ensure food and economic security of the state. Materials and methods. The research is based on the application of the monographic method for the systematization of theoretical material. Based on the economic and statistical method, conditions and trends in the development of the agro-industrial complex have been determined, as well as the main problems of ensuring food and economic security have been identified. The work was carried out on the basis of officially published data from Rosstat of the Russian Federation, as well as on the conclusions of research by a number of authors. Results. Threats to economic security have been identified, the prevention and elimination of which is possible based on the proposed measures to regulate the development of the domestic agroindustrial complex. The main problems of the agro-industrial complex of Russia are investigated. The importance of food security in the modern world for ensuring economic and national security is substantiated. In order to ensure the economic security of the enterprise, measures to regulate the agroindustrial complex are justified. Conclusions. Regulation of the agro-industrial complex based on the harmonization of industrial and economic relations from the perspective of ensuring the economic security of the state is becoming increasingly important.

Food security is a country's ability to provide people with access to quality and healthy food. According to the Rome Declaration on World Food Security, every country must ensure the human right to adequate nutrition. This document envisages: physical and economic availability, food independence, reliability in relation to seasonal and weather fluctuations and sustainability of production growth. Today, the problem of food security in Ukraine concerns almost all aspects of the functioning of the state: from defense and readiness to deal with emergency situations to long-term development prospects. Ukraine's contribution to the world food market in 2021 was equivalent to providing food for 400 million people. russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine disrupted the production, processing and food supply systems. The policy of our country in the field of ensuring food security changes in accordance with the challenges and taking into account the experiences that have confirmed their practical feasibility. In particular, a plan to ensure food security under martial law was adopted. This is a complex of actions that involves monitoring the state of food security and agricultural infrastructure as a whole; providing support to food producers; provision of targeted assistance to socially vulnerable categories of the population, centralized control over product prices. World leaders, the European Union and the United Nations are also currently looking for ways to avoid a food crisis due to the war waged by russia against Ukraine, which has caused the harvest to decrease by about 30%