Abstract

Abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract are widespread worldwide today. Generally, an effective way to diagnose these life-threatening diseases is based on endoscopy, which comprises a vast number of images. However, the main challenge in this area is that the process is time-consuming and fatiguing for a gastroenterologist to examine every image in the set. Thus, this led to the rise of studies on designing AI-based systems to assist physicians in the diagnosis. In several medical imaging tasks, deep learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have contributed to the state-of-the-art outcomes, where the complicated nonlinear relation between target classes and data can be learned and not limit to hand-crafted features. On the other hand, hyperparameters are commonly set manually, which may take a long time and leave the risk of non-optimal hyperparameters for classification. An effective tool for tuning optimal hyperparameters of deep CNN is Bayesian optimization. However, due to the complexity of the CNN, the network can be regarded as a black-box model where the information stored within it is hard to interpret. Hence, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques are applied to overcome this issue by interpreting the decisions of the CNNs in such wise the physicians can trust. To play an essential role in real-time medical diagnosis, CNN-based models need to be accurate and interpretable, while the uncertainty must be handled. Therefore, a novel method comprising of three phases is proposed to classify these life-threatening diseases. At first, hyperparameter tuning is performed using Bayesian optimization for two state-of-the-art deep CNNs, and then Darknet53 and InceptionV3 features are extracted from these fine-tunned models. Secondly, XAI techniques are used to interpret which part of the images CNN takes for feature extraction. At last, the features are fused, and uncertainties are handled by selecting entropy-based features. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods by achieving an accuracy of 97% based on a Bayesian optimized Support Vector Machine classifier.

Highlights

  • Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases are nowadays becoming a common disease worldwide, and approximately 2.8 million new cases have been diagnosed in recent years [1,2]

  • The Bayesian optimization of hyperparameters is performed at the state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) models InceptionV3 and Darknet-53 using transfer learning, and the ratio of training and testing is 50:50 for both deep CNN models

  • The following metrics are considered for performance evaluation: recall, precision, F1 score, the area under the curve (AUC), false positive rate (FPR), false negative rate (FNR), time, and accuracy

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) diseases are nowadays becoming a common disease worldwide, and approximately 2.8 million new cases have been diagnosed in recent years [1,2]. In the early detection of stomach disorders, computerized automated detection systems for stomach infections from endoscopic images were developed by several researchers. By detecting these life-threatening gastric infections early on, the mortality rate of patients as shown in Fig. 2 can be decreased. Research on artificial intelligence has continued to reveal its efficiency in specific fields of medical imaging [9]. In the domain of medical image processing and analysis, the application of deep learning is a hot topic nowadays [10,11]

Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call