Enrichment of Magnesite and Usage to Obtain Magnesium Fluoride

The analysis of the influence of the main factors on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibro-boiling layer is presented. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of the main technological parameters on the kinetics of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials in a vibrating boiling overflowing layer at atmospheric pressure. The main factors affecting the drying process were selected: the temperature of the drying agent supplied to the dryer, the speed of the drying agent, the vibration amplitude of the gas distribution shelves, the vibration frequency of the gas distribution shelves. The influence of temperature and air velocity on the drying process of raw materials, the influence of the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the gas distribution grid on the kinetics of the drying process of the fermented product, as well as the influence of the specific load of the product on the process of moisture removal are shown An analysis of the curves shows that with an increase in the amplitude of the oscillation, it reduces the drying time, and an increase in the frequency of oscillation of the shelves contributes to a decrease in the drying time. In this case, a uniform increase in the drying intensity is observed over the entire range of the amplitudes considered. An increase in the oscillation frequency of the gas distribution grid also helps to reduce the duration of the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials. It should be noted that the amplitude of the oscillations more strongly affects the decrease in the drying time of the raw material than the frequency Thus, we concluded that in the intervals under study the changes in the amplitude and frequency of vibrations of perforated shelves on the drying process of fermented wheat raw materials are more strongly affected by the amplitude of vibrations. In addition, when choosing vibration parameters, the specific load of the material on the grate and its initial humidity should be taken into account..

Numerical and experimental study on the calcination process of the raw materials of lithium battery cathode

The article shows the effectiveness of the studied avermectin-containing insecticidal agent on the action on keratophagous insects when determining the acute and duration of residual action in laboratory conditions. The lethal effect from application of avermectin-containing insecticidal agent “AIS-LAMK” was revealed at estimation of its acute action in dilutions from 1:100 to 1:1000 with respect to caterpillars of the cloak moth and larvae of the skin beetle in 15 minutes after processing of raw material, while the residual effect of the investigated agent in dilution 1:100 and 1:300 on caterpillars of the cloak moth and larvae of the skin beetle is preserved after processing of feather-bearing raw material 1 month later. Similar results were obtained when using the product in a propellant-free aerosol package on absorbent and non-absorbent surfaces. It was established that the cost price of 1 liter of the working solution in dilution 1:100 is 13 rub. 08 kopecks, which allows to recommend it for short-term protection of feather and fur raw material from insect-keratophages.

Introduction. In recent years, the use of rare earth elements has been expanding in various innovative research and high-tech industries, which leads to an increase in the volume of their extraction and processing and makes it possible to develop a negative impact on the health of workers under conditions of long-term industrial exposure to rare earth elements with the air of the working area.
 The purpose of the work is to study and evaluate the deviations of the biochemical parameters of the lipid spectrum in workers, due to the chemical factors of the technological process of processing raw materials and production of rare metal products.
 Materials and methods. The study and evaluation of the content of rare earth elements in the blood of workers, the study of biochemical parameters, statistical analysis, modelling of cause-and-effect relationships were carried out.
 Results. Workers exposed to rare-earth elements with the air of the working area (100% of workplaces) showed increased concentrations of holmium, dysprosium, yttrium, neodymium, niobium and terbium in the blood from 1.5 to 2.5 times compared to similar indicators in workers who were not associated with technological process. Elevated levels of total cholesterol, VLDL and triglycerides in blood serum, a decrease in the total antioxidant activity of blood plasma in workers relative to the physiological norm and similar indicators in the comparison group were established. A significant relationship of the identified deviations with an increased blood concentration of niobium, dysprosium and holmium has been proven.
 Limitations. The study took into account the aerogenic inhalation effect of rare earth elements on the health of workers involved in the processing of raw materials and production of rare metal products. 
 Conclusion. Long-term inhalation exposure to rare earth elements contained in the air of the working area caused changes in biochemical parameters, reflecting the depletion of antioxidant defense resources, inducing disorders of lipid metabolism. The identified negative effects in workers can lead to pro-atherogenic vascular inflammation under conditions of continuing industrial exposure. The obtained results should be taken into account for the development of recommendations aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the impact of the studied chemical factors of the labour process on the health of workers.

The problem to refine high-chromium cast iron melts obtained with the use of a large proportion of scraped metal and scrap is considered herein. Since fluxes containing calcium fluoride are currently considered to be environmentally polluting, it is required to reduce the use of fluorides, or completely replace them. It was shown that a decrease in the melting point of the flux can be achieved with the use of a mixture of calcium and magnesium fluorides or by the introduction of boron oxide into the composition of the fluxes. However, the efficiency of these fluxes, as well as silicocalcium additives and vacuum remelting in the high-chromium cast iron melting when a high proportion of scrap in the charge is used, has not been previously considered. In this regard, the effect of these refining methods on the removal of non-metallic inclusions in high-chromium cast iron of Grade 340Х18HML was experimentally assessed. Thermodynamic calculations were performed for the interaction of magnesium and calcium fluorides with non-metallic oxide inclusions typical of high-chromium cast irons and with oxides used for neutral lining of induction furnaces. It has been shown that fluxes based on boron oxide, magnesium and calcium fluorides and their mixtures effectively remove oxide and sulfide non-metallic inclusions; however, they have a destructive effect on the lining of furnaces, significantly reducing its service life. The addition of silicocalcium reduces the content of sulfides but does not affect the content of non-metallic inclusions in the form of oxides and nitrides. Vacuum remelting effectively reduces the number of nitride inclusions.

A relatively abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, beryllium, has not been widely used due to the high cost of production and its limited consumption. Beryllium is mainly extracted in the United States, with smaller quantities coming from China, Africa, and South America. The extraction process uses leaching of the ore in sulfuric acid to produce a sulfate, which undergoes solvent extraction to remove impurity elements. The beryllium‐rich fraction from solvent extraction is treated with ammonium carbonate to produce a complex carbonate that can be thermally separated into a pure form of beryllium hydroxide, the basic material used for producing all useful forms of beryllium. The metallic form of beryllium is produced from the hydroxide using a magnesium reduction process to convert beryllium fluoride to beryllium pebbles and magnesium fluoride. The pebbles are further refined to >99.5% purity by vacuum melting and powdered for conversion into useful shapes by a conventional powder metallurgy pressing and consolidation process.Many practical applications make use of beryllium's properties, particularly the high specific strength and stiffness of the pure metal, and the combination of high strength, conductivity, and resistance to stress relaxation that additions of 0.2–2.0% beryllium provide to alloys of copper, aluminum, and nickel. Typical applications of beryllium metal include components of aircraft, satellites, and space‐mounted astronomical telescopes, usually manufactured using powder metallurgy techniques. The nuclear properties of beryllium, particularly its interaction with neutrons as a multiplier and a reflector, are exploited in many fusion and fission reactions. The major use of the element, however, is in alloys that take advantage of its high strength and conductivity. These are fashioned into high reliability terminals used in automotive, aerospace, and electronic connectors. The thermal conductivity and low friction properties of the alloys are employed in plastic and metal forming molds, heavy equipment and aircraft bearings, and oil and gas drilling equipment.

For domestic enterprises, operations with raw materials can solve many financial, production, technological, resource, and personnel problems, the most significant of which are related to the reduction of production processes and the threat of bankruptcy, simultaneously bringing them to a new qualitative level of development and successfully representing them in the international business community. The article updates the issue of accounting for transactions with raw materials from a processing company. Various options for payment for services for the processing of customer raw materials were considered: in cash; by giving the executor the ownership of a part of the client's raw materials; by providing the contractor with finished products, as well as combined payment options. In order to detail the movement and control at all stages of the processing of customer raw materials, it is proposed to keep analytical records using the recommended sub-accounts to the off-balance sheet account 022 "Materials accepted for processing": 022/1 "Customer raw materials in stock"; 022/2 "Davalnytsia raw materials transferred to production"; 022/3 "Finished products from consumer raw materials"; 022/3 "Accompanied products from raw materials"; 022/5 "Waste from the processing of consumer raw materials". The scheme of accounting of raw materials and finished products from the contractor using the proposed sub-accounts is presented, as well as the reflection on the accounting accounts of operations for the processing of raw materials from the contractor on the accounting accounts using the proposed sub-accounts. The question of taxation with value added tax of the specified operations was investigated, provided that the customer is a resident, and the donor raw materials are transferred for processing on the territory of Ukraine. It was established that, since the donor raw materials are the property of the customer, and upon their transfer for processing, the ownership of these raw materials belongs to the executor does not transfer, then the VAT tax liability for such a transaction is not accrued, and the object of taxation in the tax accounting of the parties will be processing services. VAT taxation is also considered, if the customer is a non-resident, and the supplier's raw materials are imported into the customs territory of Ukraine under the customs processing regime, and then the finished products are exported outside the customs territory of Ukraine under the customs re-export regime.

The traditional alumina-silicate raw materials, for example, clays, in the precalcining technique of cement production, have been replaced by low grade and high silica content sandstones, shales, and industrial waste residues, including fly ashes, slag, and others. The results are the change of compositions and characteristics of raw materials applied and a great effect on cement calcination process and clinker formation. In this work, the cement clinker formation process of different alumina-silicate raw materials to replace clay raw material was studied by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and high temperature microscope based on the characteristics of the alumina-silicate raw materials. The formation heat of the clinker was determined by the acid dissolution method. Influence of different alumina-silicate raw materials on the clinker burnability and formation process was studied. The results show that the changing of alumina-silicate raw materials, especially using industrial waste residues, can reduce the formation temperature of high temperature liquid phases, improve the burnability of raw materials, reduce the formation temperature and formation heat of clinker. And this study also observed the formation temperature and transformation of high temperature liquid phases in the heating process of raw materials by high temperature microscope.

Abstract: The effect of substrate on mycelium growth, the optimal composition of the culture medium, and the optimal cultivation conditions for Streptomyces ornatus S 1220 have been investigated in the present work. The specific activity of keratinase has been monitored during cultivation and activity variation caused by addition of various salts to the cul-tivation medium has been analyzed. The results of the optimization study are reported and successful use of the culture studied in the present work in processes performed on an industrial scale is anticipated. Key words: keratin, secondary raw materials, processing, keratinase-producing microorganism, enzyme, protein, culti-vation, keratinase activity, bioconversion UDC 577.151.35:547.962.9 DOI 10.12737/2051 INTRODUCTION The amount of secondary raw material obtained dur-ing slaughter and processing of poultry can be as high as 45% of the live weight of the birds. Most of this materi-al is constituted by down and feathers, which have a high biological value, since they contain about 85% keratin. Keratins are abundant proteins found in epithelial cells. They are major structural components of skin, nails, hair, feathers, and wool. Analysis of the amino acid composition of keratins shows that these proteins are a rich source of essential amino acids. However, the transformation of natural keratin into a digestible form is problematic, since keratins are fibrillar proteins and their mechanical stability is higher than that of all other materials of biological origin except chitin. The conven-tional techniques used for the processing of keratin-containing raw materials are neither efficient nor ration-al. The use of physical and chemical processing meth-ods can result in formation of various toxic substances, as well as in loss of up to 75% of protein. Consequently, novel procedures for the processing and efficient use of the secondary raw material are needed. Enzymatic methods for the processing of protein-containing raw materials, which became available due to the development of biotechnology, allow for the preser-vation of all essential amino acids. The use of ready-made enzyme preparations on an industrial scale can lead to a significant increase in costs and expenses, and there-fore it is necessary to find solutions which enable the minimization of processing costs for the keratin-containing raw material. The use of live microorganism cultures in the processing of keratin-containing raw material allows for a reduction of the processing costs. The bioconversion method involves cultivation of the enzyme-producing strains on a substrate formed by the raw material to be processed. High efficiency of the sub-sequent decomposition of the substrate can be attained if this method is used. Selection of the optimal enzyme-producing microorganism and the optimal cultivation conditions is necessary in order to increase the rate and efficiency of bioconversion employing this method. With the requirements concerning the strain and its functional efficiency taken into account, we chose the keratinase-producing strain Streptomyces ornatus S 1220. Simple composition and low cost of cultivation media, high levels of keratinase production, short culti-vation time, and high enzyme yield [4] were the primary reasons for the choice of this strain. The aim of the present work, formulated with the current problems taken into account, was to define the optimal composition of the cultivation medium provid-ing for a high biomass yield of Streptomyces ornatus S 1220, to determine the most appropriate cultivation temperature and the period during which the rate of bi-omass accumulation is the highest, and to assess the effect of chemical additives on the specific enzyme ac-tivity. The tasks to be fulfilled in order to achieve the aim included analysis of the chemical composition of feathers, characterization of the effect of complex culti-vation media on the yield of keratinase produced by the microorganism, analysis of environmental effects on the growth and productivity of the microorganism under investigation, and optimization of the cultivation pa-rameters established.

Raw meal fineness is the percentage content of 80 µm sieving residue after the cement raw material is ground. The accurate prediction of raw meal fineness in the vertical mill system is very helpful for the operator to control the vertical mill. However, due to the complexity of the industrial environment, the process variables have coupling, time-varying delay and nonlinear characteristics in the grinding process of cement raw material. At present, few people pay attention to the coupling characteristics among variables, thus solving this problem is particularly important in raw meal fineness prediction. In this article, we propose a two-dimensional convolutional neural network method that is used to predict raw meal fineness during the grinding process of raw material. Convolutional neural network has strong feature extraction capabilities and does not require manual feature selection. The two-dimensional convolution kernels are used to extract the coupling, time-varying delay and nonlinear features among variables, especially the coupling features. In addition, two important parameters P and L of two-dimensional convolutional neural network model are optimized, respectively. The optimized model solves the problems of coupling, time-varying delay and nonlinearity among variables. Our two-dimensional convolutional neural network model is proved to be very effective by comparing with the state-of-the-art methods.

Critical materials represent mostly metals having a big importance for the future of the economy in the European countries. It is very difficult to replace these critical metals by other metals. Because of their wide application, the demand for these metals is increased, but the production cannot follow their growing consumption. Rare earth elements (REE) belong to critical materials. They include 17 elements, very similar in terms of their chemical and physical properties due to their mineralogical structure (the best-known are lanthanum and thorium, which is radioactive). REE are divided into elements with a lower atomic mass and elements with a higher atomic mass. Heavier metals show a significantly lower presence in the upper earth crust. In 2010, the share of the REE production in China in the global production amounted to 97 %, constituting a near-monopoly in the world market. In different studies, the term “Strategic” is often used instead “of “critical” materials. The materials for military application are called “Strategic” (nickel). In comparison to strategic metals, critical materials have a big importance for the national economies of European countries (platinum group of metals, rare earth elements, cobalt). The European Commission prepared a strategic development plan for critical materials in the next twenty years. The rare earth elements The rare earth elements include 15 elements (Z=57 through 71) and Yttrium (Z=39) and scandium. Because of their reactivity and similarity, the REEs were found to be difficult to obtain.. Lanthanide elements with a low atomic number are generally more abundant in the earth crust than those with high atomic numbers. World demand for rare earth elements is estimated by Humphries (CRS Report for Congress) at 134.000 tons per year, with the global production of around 114.000 tons annually. Humphries has reported in 2010 that there is no rare earth mine production in the United States. The major uses for rare earth elements include applications in auto catalysts, petroleum refining, metal alloys, cell phones, portable DVDs, etc. Permanent magnets containing neodymium, gadolinium and dysprosium are used in numerous electrical components and generators for wind turbines. The primary defense application (underwater mine detection, satellite power and communication systems, radar systems,etc.) use new materials: Neodymium Iron Boron, Samarium Cobalt. REEs extraction from monazite is performed by dissolution in a hot concentrated base or acid solutions. After cooling, the hydroxides of REEs and thorium are recovered by filtration, and thorium is separated by dissolution and selective precipitation. Metallurgy of indium Indium belongs to the group of rare earth elements with a low melting point. Some addition of indium increases the strength, hardness and corrosion resistance of alloys. The most known producers are situated in Belgium, Canada, Russia, France and Japan. Indium is used as coating on metals applied in difficult operation conditions, and in semiconductor techniques for the production of diodes. It is formed as a semi-product after pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical treatment of sulphidic raw materials. Indium can be used with other valuable metals such as vanadium, thallium, gallium, germanium, and cadmium. The coating process based on Indium is performed by an electrolytic treatment on the surface. Metallurgy of yttrium Yttrium compounds found interesting application in many fields. In particular, yttrium is used in the manufacture of superconductors, in super alloys of nickel and cobalt, and solid oxide fuel cells. Yttrium oxide has a high melting point and is used in ceramics. The compounds of yttrium are also used as catalysts. The growing industrial application of the rare earth elements led to a growing interest in finding new technologies for their recoveries. The selective dissolution of yttrium from lanthanum is performed by ammonium carbonate leaching. Conclusion The EU Raw materials Initiative was decided to identify a list of critical raw materials at the EU level. The EU-report describes a selection of 41 minerals and metals. Then, 14 elements were chosen as critical materials fort the economy of the European countries in the next twenty years. The future use of REEs is expected to be increased in the European countries. About 90 % of metal alloys are produced in China. The price of rare earth elements is reduced for the consumers in China in comparison to some companies in the USA and Europe. Therefore, the European countries and the USA have protested against this situation. The selective winning of rare earth elements is the most important aim in the processing of raw materials. The combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods might be a new way of solving this problem in the European countries.

Currently, the use of technogenic raw materials, including wood waste is one of the trends in manufacturing of building materials. This is due to the limited resources, the need for long-distance transportation, the high material and energy cost of some technological processes of raw materials extraction and processing. All of them greatly hamper the development of the industry of building materials based on natural resources. Different cellulosic fillers of vegetable origin are used for the production of wood-cement compositions at the moment. Organic fillers along with the inherent valuable properties have a number of specific properties which have a significant effect on the processes of structure formation, structural-mechanical and construction properties of composites. The results of the research of the processes of water-soluble components removal from raw wood material are presented in the article. Processing of raw wood material was carried out in water and weak alkali solution in the research process. It is established that additional ultrasonic treatment considerably intensifies and increases the extraction of water-soluble sugars. The conducted research shows the possibility of improving the composite wood materials manufacturing technology with the aim of improving their performance without significant capital investments.

Given the general trend of energy consumption, which leads to an increase in the amount of energy consumed worldwide, the cost of this energy is constantly increasing and its deficit is growing. Therefore, it is important to solve the problem of creating and large-scale implementation of modern energy-efficient heat technologies that reduce energy. This is especially true for providing the population to food, as an additional complication is that the production and processing of agricultural raw materials occurs in conditions of increased consumption of gas and other energy sources with low coefficient of performance and high losses of raw materials during processing. Food and nutrition play a leading role in everyone's life, no matter how we treat it. Nutrition is a key moment in the life of every living organism. Functional foods have evolved as a separate category and are not always considered as dietary supplements. Functional food products (FFP) are the products influencing a functional condition of an organism for the purpose of its increase - resistance, working capacity, prolongation of life. Although the definitions of functional products are different, they are basically ordinary foods and beverages, but enriched with a functional component - a nutrient that plays a special physiological role in the body, has a positive effect on human health. The purpose of the paper is a theoretical and experimental substantiation of complex and efficient processing of vegetable raw materials, creation of energy-efficient heat technology of agricultural raw materials processing in order to obtain functional products with maximum preservation of biologically active substances. In this work, 4 groups of functional foods were studied (according to the classification of the main plant functional ingredients of Doctor of Technical Sciences Petrova Zh.O.) - these are antioxidants, phytoestrogens, folates, prebiotics. An important point is to increase energy efficiency with maximum preservation of functional ingredients of raw materials. Preliminary preparation of raw materials for drying was developed and researched, optimal dehydration regime parameters were selected, which allow to reduce energy consumption for the process and to keep BAS for each group of functional raw materials at a high level. Since the increase in energy costs for drying is associated with the difficulty of removing moisture from plant material, it was important to investigate changes in the specific heat of evaporation of water from functional compositions. The conducted experimental researches confirmed the theoretical assumption of dependence of specific heat of evaporation of water from parenchymal fabrics of plants on composite components of raw materials. The obtained results allow to state that at correctly picked up compositions they not only stabilize components of native raw materials, but also there is an intensification of drying process with reduction of energy consumption on process. The duration of the drying process of functional raw materials on the experimental convective stand was calculated by the method of Krasnikov V.V. The estimated drying durations of functional raw materials and drying rates are determined. The kinetics of heat exchange was studied with the determination of the specific heat flux density and the Rebinder number, which proves the efficiency of the introduction of step drying regimes.

Cities are the central elements in spatial organization of regional, national, and supranational socioeconomies by virtue of the interregional organization in a total ecological field of the functions they perform.' In a specialized society economic activities are undertaken by design, or survive in the market place, at those locations which afford the greatest competitive advantage. Among these activities, those most efficiently performed in limited local concentrations provide the basic support for cities. The location theorist commonly classifies locally-concentrated economic activities into those which are raw material oriented, those located at points which are intermediate between raw materials and markets, and those which are market oriented.2 Raw material orientation includes direct exploitation of resources and the processing of raw materials, and its character is that of the developed resource endowment of different places. Activities in intermediate locations are usually of a processing kind, involved in intermediate and final processing and transformation of raw materials, and most frequently locate at some favorable spot on the transport network, such as an assembly point, a gateway, a break-of-bulk point, or a port. Market oriented activities may be secondary (for example, where there is a weight gain involved in the final processing of raw materials on intermediates prior to delivery), but are dominantly tertiary, concerned with the direct service of the consuming population through wholesale, retail, and service functions. The consuming population comprises the workers in the other specialized activities, of course, plus the local population supported by the tertiary trades. Thus, market orientation implies a location best suited to serve demands created by prior stages of the productive process. The three classic principles of urban location derive from the three types of locational orientation of economic activities: cities as the sites of specialized functions; cities as the expressions of the layout and character of transport networks; and cities as central places.3 All three principles, or some combination of them, may operate in the case of any particular city. However, whereas all cities

The paper is devoted to the problem of increasing the total concentration of nonvolatile substances in tincture during the extraction process of plant and alcohol-containing raw materials after preliminary pulse processing in the membrane apparatus. Traditionally, biologically active compounds and plant raw materials continue to play a significant role in the modern food production. One of the main goals of modern food technology is the most complete extraction of valuable constituents from raw material and a decrease in their loss during its further processing. The main stage in tincturation is the extraction process, determined by the general laws of mass transfer, the properties of plant tissue, and chemical and physical affinity between the solvent and extracted substance. The article describes the disadvantages of extraction as a method of extracting constituents from plant raw materials and methods to increase the efficiency of this process. The aim of the paper is to research the possibilities for the application of pulse processing of plant raw materials at the preliminary processing stage to increase the yield of extractive substances of the finished product for example of tinctures. The scheme of the developed pulsation apparatus and optimum modes of raw material processing are presented according to the previously conducted research. Infusion technology and control methods for basic qual- ity indicators are taken according to the standard technology. The results of experimental research into the influence of pulse processing on the yield of extractive substances confirm the possibility of using this type of preliminary processing of plant raw materials.