Abstract
Phylogenetic incongruence has frequently been encountered among different molecular markers. Recent progress in molecular phylogenomics has provided detailed and important information for evolutionary biology and taxonomy. Here we focused on the freshwater viviparid snails (Cipangopaludina chinensis chinensis and C. c. laeta) of East Asia. We conducted phylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimation using two mitochondrial markers. We also performed population genetic analyses using genome-wide SNPs. We investigated how and which phylogenetic patterns reflect shell morphology. The results showed these two species could be separated into four major mitochondrial clades, whereas the nuclear clusters supported two groups. The phylogenetic patterns of both mtDNA and nDNA largely reflected the geographical distribution. Shell morphology reflected the phylogenetic clusters based on nDNA. The findings also showed these two species diversified in the Pliocene to early Pleistocene era, and occurred introgressive hybridisation. The results also raise the taxonomic issue of the two species.
Highlights
Molecular phylogeny provides a robust framework for investigations in the fields of taxonomy and conservation biology, such as on species diversity and the patterns of geographical distribution[1]
Our previous phylogenetic study showed that C. c. laeta of mainland Japan is most likely native because of its genetic differences from nominotypical subspecies C. c. chinensis according to GenBank data[21]
Cipangopaludina chinensis species were separated into four major clades (Fig. 1)
Summary
Molecular phylogeny provides a robust framework for investigations in the fields of taxonomy and conservation biology, such as on species diversity and the patterns of geographical distribution[1]. By comparing the phylogenetic patterns determined using different molecular markers, it has become clear that there is incongruence between the molecular markers even in a lineage determined using the same sample[4,5] To resolve this problem, the inference of species trees from multi-locus data can be beneficial[6,7]. Molecular phylogenomics such as a multi-locus approach provides more detailed information than an approach that uses a single or a few genes for applications in evolutionary biology and taxonomy[8,9,10], such study is still limited Under these circumstances, molluscs are an excellent model to compare the relationships among phylogeny, morphology, and geographical distribution patterns. Because the Kingdom of the Ryukyus frequently undertook cultural exchange with China and mainland Japan, the population of the Ryukyu Islands probably consists of alien populations from mainland Asia and/ or mainland Japan
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