Abstract
The effects of carbon black specific surface area and morphology were investigated by characterizing four different carbon black additives and then evaluating the effect of adding them to the negative electrode of valve-regulated lead–acid batteries for electric bikes. Low-temperature performance, larger current discharge performance, charge acceptance, cycle life and water loss of the batteries with carbon black were studied. The results show that the addition of high-performance carbon black to the negative plate of lead–acid batteries has an important effect on the cycle performance at 100% depth-of-discharge conditions and the cycle life is 86.9% longer than that of the control batteries. The excellent performance of the batteries can be attributed to the high surface area carbon black effectively inhibiting the sulfation of the negative plate surface and improving the charge acceptance of the batteries.
Highlights
The lead–acid battery has a history of over 150 years and has a dominant position in electrochemical power supplies due to its low price, easy availability of raw materials and its full reliability in use, which is suitable for a wide range of environmental temperatures [1,2,3,4,5]
Nakamura et al [24] reported that adding a certain amount of carbon black to the negative active material (NAM) of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) batteries operating in partial-state-of-charge (PSoC) conditions effectively suppressed the accumulation of PbSO4 and improved the cycle life performance due to the conductive network of carbon particles formed on the PbSO4 particles
The charge and discharge cycle processes of the test batteries were carried out as follows: (i) the fully charged batteries were discharged at a 6 A (C2 rate) constant current until the voltage decreased to 42 V at ambient temperature of about 25 ◦ C; (ii) the batteries were charged at a constant current of 2.5 A to terminal voltage of 58.8 V, they were charged at a 58.8 V constant voltage until the final current of 0.5 A was reached before being rested for 10 min; (iii) the batteries continued charging with 55.2 V constant voltage for 4 h and rested for 1 h; (iv) lastly, the batteries were exposed to the above charge/discharge cycle procedures until the two consecutive discharge times were below
Summary
The lead–acid battery has a history of over 150 years and has a dominant position in electrochemical power supplies due to its low price, easy availability of raw materials and its full reliability in use, which is suitable for a wide range of environmental temperatures [1,2,3,4,5]. Nakamura et al [24] reported that adding a certain amount of carbon black to the NAM of HEV batteries operating in partial-state-of-charge (PSoC) conditions effectively suppressed the accumulation of PbSO4 and improved the cycle life performance due to the conductive network of carbon particles formed on the PbSO4 particles. When the batteries are cycled at a C2 rate discharge under a 100% depth-of-discharge (100% DoD) condition, the cycle life of the batteries with a higher SSA of carbon black is prolonged by more than 86.9% compared to that of the control batteries with acetylene black Both the charge acceptance and larger current discharge performance of carbon black as a negative electrode additive are improved
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