Abstract
Incorporation of bilayer electrodes (Cu:Ag) significantly reduces electrode corrosion and device degradation in perovskite solar cells operating in air. A symbiosis exists whereby Ag inhibits Cu oxidation and Cu prevents interfacial reactions between the perovskite (MAPbI3) and Ag.
Highlights
We have shown that p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have higher resistance to oxygen induced photodegradation compared to conventional n–i–p PSCs when [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is used as the n-type electron transport layer (ETL), where PCBM serves as a superoxide scavenger, in planar structured devices oxygen diffusion is slower compared with architectures built on mesoporous metal oxides.[24]
Devices prepared with the various electrodes achieved comparable power conversion efficiencies (PCE), around 18–19%, and ll factors (FFs) approaching 80% with minimum hysteresis (Table S1 and Fig. S1†)
The measured PCEs as a function of time are shown in Fig. 1d with the time dependent J–V scans shown in Fig. S2.† It is seen that despite Al having been previously reported to be stable in n–i–p based devices,[39] here near complete degradation in p–i–n based devices is observed in around 20 hours
Summary
Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have demonstrated their potential in photovoltaic applications with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) steadily increasing, such that champion cells with a certi ed PCE of over 25% have been demonstrated.[1,2,3] Improvements in device PCE have been driven by modi cations to the composition[4,5,6] and processing[7,8] of the perovskite active layer and by a number of complementary strategies, including surface defect passivation,[9,10,11,12] modi cation of the transport layers[13,14] and energy level alignment of interlayers.[14]. By employing a Cu–Ag bilayer electrode we observe that the device retains 85% of its initial PCE a er 80 hours of operation in ambient air, compared with Cu and Ag single metal electrodes that retain 60% and 10% of their initial PCEs respectively.
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