Enhancing the food security of upland farming households through agroforestry in Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the food security of farmer households in the Papua border region. Twelve factors used in this study are maternal education, number of family members, price of rice, price of sweet potatoes, prices of cooking oil, prices of instant noodles, income, area of arable land, distance of buying food, share of food expenditure, reception of the rice for poor families (raskin), and farmer status (either local or transmigrant). This research uses primary data from direct interviews by asking a list of questions to farmer households in Jayapura City and Keerom District. The samples are randomly selected, and the total respondents are 160 farmer households, then the data analyzed by Ordinal Logit Regression. The results show that most of the household farmers classified as the food secure condition. Partially the number of family members, cultivated land area, the share of food expenditure and the price of sweet potato/cassava have a significant effect the probability of the occurrence of food security for farmer households significant at the 5% level of error, while dummy raskin significant at an error rate of 10%. The cultivated land area and dummy raskin have a positive effect on the food security of farmer households, while the number of family members, the price of sweet potato/cassava, and the share of food expenditure have a negative effect on farm household food security.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of outgrowers' programs on the food security of smallholder poultry farming households in Osun State. Using multi-stage sampling technique, a structured questionnaire was designed to collect information from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of outgrowers' programs in the study area. Descriptive statistics, food security index, and Heckman's selection model were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that outgrowers and non-outgrowers were on the average, 49 and 45 years old, with about 12 and 8 years of experience in poultry farming, respectively. The Poultry Farmers' Association was represented by 97% of outgrowers and 47% of non-outgrowers. There were four major broiler outgrowers' programs existing in the area. The Anchor-Borrower Outgrowers' program and Osun Broiler Outgrowers' program adopted a fixed contract model, whereas, the Dayntee Farm and GS Farm outgrowers' programs employed a semi-fixed contract model. The incidence of food insecurity was 18% for outgrowers and 35% for non-outgrowers, with food insecurity depth and severity being 0.025 and 0.033 for outgrowers and 0.134 and 0.52 for non-outgrowers, respectively. The study found a significant difference in outgrowers' perceptions of food insecurity as well as their coping strategies. The major perceived indicators of food insecurity were inadequate resource endowment (MD = 0.758, p<0.01) and consumption of low-cost food (MD = 0.0658, p<0.01). Food acquisition on credit (WMS = 1.700), meals adjustment (WMS = 1.425), and cooking methods' modification (WMS = 1.875) strategies were adopted to cope with food insecurity. Participation in the outgrowers' program was influenced by membership of Poultry Farmers' Association, credit access and flock sizes and the significant predictors of food security among the poultry farming households were outgrowers' participation, household size, gender, marital status and credit access. It was therefore inferred that outgrowers were considerably more food secure than the non-outgrowers, encouraging the need to scale up the program in the poultry industry. Introduction of flexible regulations and reproductive education would make the program more rewarding to the poultry farming households.

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of outgrowers’ programs on the food security of smallholder poultry farming households in Osun State. Using multi-stage sampling technique, a structured questionnaire was designed to collect information from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of outgrowers’ programs in the study area. Descriptive statistics, food security index, and Heckman’s selection model were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that outgrowers and non-outgrowers were on the average, 49 and 45 years old, with about 12 and 8 years of experience in poultry farming, respectively. The Poultry Farmers’ Association was represented by 97% of outgrowers and 47% of non-outgrowers. There were four major broiler outgrowers’ programs existing in the area. The Anchor-Borrower Outgrowers’ program and Osun Broiler Outgrowers’ program adopted a fixed contract model, whereas, the Dayntee Farm and GS Farm outgrowers’ programs employed a semi-fixed contract model. The incidence of food insecurity was 18% for outgrowers and 35% for non-outgrowers, with food insecurity depth and severity being 0.025 and 0.033 for outgrowers and 0.134 and 0.52 for non-outgrowers, respectively. The study found a significant difference in outgrowers’ perceptions of food insecurity as well as their coping strategies. The major perceived indicators of food insecurity were inadequate resource endowment (MD = 0.758, p<0.01) and consumption of low-cost food (MD = 0.0658, p<0.01). Food acquisition on credit (WMS = 1.700), meals adjustment (WMS = 1.425), and cooking methods’ modification (WMS = 1.875) strategies were adopted to cope with food insecurity. Participation in the outgrowers’ program was influenced by membership of Poultry Farmers’ Association, credit access and flock sizes and the significant predictors of food security among the poultry farming households were outgrowers’ participation, household size, gender, marital status and credit access. It was therefore inferred that outgrowers were considerably more food secure than the non-outgrowers, encouraging the need to scale up the program in the poultry industry. Introduction of flexible regulations and reproductive education would make the program more rewarding to the poultry farming households.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Various problems in the agricultural sector include land conversion, climate change, water shortages, high input prices, and declining agricultural land productivity. Reduced production will affect farmers' income, which will impact the food security of farming households. The research aims to determine the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure and assess the food security of farming households. The research location was chosen purposively, namely in Giriwoyo District, where most of the agricultural land is rain-fed. The sampling method used simple random sampling with a total of 30 farming households as respondents. Analysis of farmer household food security using cross-classification of food expenditure shares and energy adequacy levels. Energy and protein consumption levels were calculated using the 24-hour recall method. The research results explain that the average proportion of food expenditure to the total expenditure of farmer households is 55.61%, which shows that the level of farmer welfare is quite high. The food security conditions of rice farming households are based on levels, namely food security at 80%, food insecurity at 16.67%, and 3.30% of farming households are declared food deficient. To maintain or increase the food security of farming households, local food diversification is needed so that farming households do not only depend on rice as a source of carbohydrates. Counseling needs to be carried out to increase knowledge regarding the consumption of nutritious, diverse, balanced, and safe food.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Background and purposes - Food insecurity in farming households is an issue that needs attention. Farmers must have resources to support their household life, one of which is social capital. This research aims to analyze the influence of social capital and sociodemographic factors on the food security of farming households and describe the level of food security of farming households in Langlang Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. Methodology - The research approach uses quantitative methods and ordinal regression analysis to determine the influence of social capital and sociodemographic factors on food security. Meanwhile, the Food Consumption Score (FCS) is used to determine the level of food security of farming households. The software used for data analysis is STATA 15. The analysis in this study uses significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%. Findings - The results show that the average food security score of farming households is 40.29, which falls within the borderline food security scale. Furthermore, sociodemographic factors that positively and significantly affect household food security include education level, farmer income, agricultural productivity, and loans/credit. In addition, social capital has a positive and significant effect on food security.

COVID-19 shook the world and impacted the obstruction of production, distribution, buying, and selling activities, including food. Red upland rice is a primary food with a dryland cultivation system in Semanu District, Gunungkidul, the first area to cultivate red upland rice variety segreng. This study aims to determine the food security and poverty of red upland rice farmer households before and during COVID-19 and the factors that affect household food security. The research was conducted in Semanu District, and it was determined purposively. The sample size was 100 respondents by simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using quantitative analysis of income, expenditure, food security, poverty, and factors affecting household food security. The results showed that Covid-19 affected the decline in household income and expenditure. The food security of farmer households during COVID-19 experienced a decrease in the number of households in the food security category by 4%, while household poverty measured in rice equivalent showed a decrease in the number of non-poor households by 17%. Factors affecting the food security of red upland rice farming households in Semanu District are income, COVID-19, and gender.

Food security in Indonesia can realized when the population’s food needs are met. One of the efforts to increase food security carried out by the Food Security Agency under the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture is implementing the Sustainable Food Yard (SFY) program or Pekarangan Pangan Lestari (P2L) in Indonesia. The SFY program utilizes yards, idle land, or empty land for agricultural activities. Semarang City includes the regions that have received the SFY program since 2020. This research aims to determine the status of food security and the role of the SFY program on the food security of farm households participating in the SFY program in Semarang City—the research conduct using a survey method on 130 farm household samples. The data collection technique is in the form of interviews using a 24-hour food recall questionnaire. The data obtained was then processed using cross-tabulation analysis between energy sufficiency percentage and food expenditure shared with the Microsoft Excel application to determine the food security status of farm households. The role of the SFY program on the food security of participating farm households was analyzed descriptively. The research results show that the distribution of food security status of farm households participating in the SFY program in Semarang City is 88.46 percent food secure, 3.08 percent vulnerable, and 8.46 percent questionable. The role of the SFY program in the food security of farm households is not very significant in increasing energy consumption and reducing household food expenditure.

Food security for a country is very important, especially for a country with a very large population like Indonesia. However, Indonesia is still faced with the problem of farmer welfare, most of whom are poor or low-income, which is only around 30% of total family income and a decrease in agricultural production and productivity. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of welfare levels on food security in Indonesia. This study uses quantitative analysis methods with cross-sectional data to determine the main objectives of the study. Data were collected using questionnaires through face-to-face interviews from a random sample of 75 farmer households in Java and Sulawesi. The results of the study showed that the level of farmer welfare was in a fairly high category with the food security of farmer households being quite food secure. The level of farmer welfare has a positive effect on the food security of farmer households. This shows that government policies that focus on improving the welfare status of farmer households in terms of health, material wealth, and farmer knowledge can improve food security.

The study examined effects of savings and investment on food security status of farm households in Agaie and Katcha local government areas of Niger State, Nigeria. A total of 120 respondents were used for the study and data collected through interview and questionnaire process. Descriptive statistics, food security index, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were used to analyze the data. The results revealed the mean age, household size, and farming experience were 38 years, 7 members and 19 years, respectively. Results of the savings and investment pattern revealed that the farmers saved the money in form of cash in the Bank, rotational savings, daily contribution savings and cooperative societies with mean savings of N279,500. The farmers also invested in buying of produce, livestock, contract farming, trading and agricultural processing with mean amount of N231,250. Result of the food security status revealed that 53% of the farm households were food secured while 47% were food insecure. The OLS regression analysis revealed that savings, investment, educational level, farming experience, farm size, membership of association and credit increased food security of farm households. In the contrary, age and household size decreased food security of the farm households in the study area. Result of the EFA revealed that constraints to savings and investment were personal status, administrative and production challenges. It was therefore recommended that farmers be encourage to form savings societies so as to pool their resources together to enable them boost their production and investment capacity and invariably increase their savings. Government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should help improve farm household’s access to free education as it increases food security. Farmers should be encouraged to insure their businesses so as to cover their losses due to risks.

Climate variability and adapted land use systems have altered climate systems. Their impact on agro-ecosystems adversely affects crop yield, food security and livelihoods of farm households. This paper examines the coupled effects of climate variability and land use change on crop yield and food security among farm households in the Offin River Basin. The study used remote sensing, geographic information systems, time series climate and crop yield data and farm household survey in examining the impacts of climate variability and land use change on crop yield and farm household food security. Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) were used to assess land use and land cover change and agricultural drought conditions in the area. Spline interpolation techniques and Spearmans’ rank correlation were employed to assess the trend and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperatures in the basin. Multiple linear regression model (MLRM) and Pearson correlation were used to assess the effect of rainfall and temperature on major food crop yields. Household Food Balance Model (HFBM) was used to measure food security status at farm household level. The results revealed that climate variability coupled with adapted land use systems in Offin River basin have contributed to massive deforestation, accelerated soil degradation and recurrent agricultural droughts resulting in the loss of productive farmlands and low food crop yields. Household food balance model (HFBM) analysis revealed that 60.8% of the farm households in the basin could not meet the minimum recommended energy level of 2900 kilo calories intake per person per day while 39.2% of farm households were food secured subsisting on more than recommended kilo calories per person per day. Utilization of inland valleys, food crop management practices, soil and water conservation and management technologies, mixed cropping systems and crop diversification were found to have contributed positively and significantly to farm household food security. It is recommended that Government agencies such as MoFA, GASIP and existing Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) should increase investment in soil and water conservation strategies (SWCS) and inland valleys food production systems to enhance food production and food security systems among farm households.

Climate change brings a huge threat to the sustainability of food production and other livelihood activities in vulnerable areas like Nigeria, because it relies majorly on rain-fed agriculture. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of climate smart agricultural practices (CSAP) on food security of farming households in the Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select ninety farming households, and a structured questionnaire to obtain information for the study. The collected data were analyzed using the food security index, adaptation strategy use index and logistic regression model. The result revealed that crop rotation is the most used CSAP in the study area, and that 16.67 % of the respondents are low users, 53.33 % medium users and 30 % high users of CSAP. It was also observed that 58.9 % of the farming households are food secured, while 41.1 % are food insecure. The logistic regression showed that the food security of the farming households is significantly affected by education, access to extension visits, farm size, off-farm income and CSAP.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the agricultural sector in the food crop sub-sector, such as decreased food productivity, decreased distribution of production factors and food commodity yields, and increased prices for food products. This also affects the level of farmers' welfare, especially the food security and insecurity of farmers' households. This study aims to determine the resilience and food insecurity of farmer households during the Covid-19 pandemic, a case study in Cimanganten Village, Tarogong Kaler District, Garut Regency. The type of research used is a case study method, the determination of respondents is determined by purposive sampling, namely as many as 12 respondents who come from farmer households who own cereals, legumes and tubers farming in Cimanganten Village. Data analysis was carried out by determining the level of food security seen from the share of food expenditure and food insecurity using the jonsson and tolee method, food security and food insecurity index indicators. The results showed that food security of farm households during the covid-19 pandemic in Cimanganten Village is classified as food security, and food insecurity of farm households during the covid-19 pandemic in Cimanganten Village did not experience food insecurity.

Food security is defined as the availability of food in sufficient quantity and quality, distributed at affordable prices and safe for every citizen to support their daily needs at all times is also intended for farmers participating in land consolidation. Land consolidation is a policy of restructuring tenure and land use to improve environmental quality and the aintenance of natural resources by involving community participation. The research aims to find out (1) the level of food security of the farm households, (2) the level of diversification of food consumption, and (3) factors that influence the food security of the farm household of land consolidation participants in Sukoharjo Regency. The location of the study was determined by purposive sampling in Dalangan Village, Tawangsari District, Sukoharjo Regency.The selection of respondents was determined by a simple random sampling of 60 farmers participating in land consolidation. To determine the level of food security the Jonsson and Toole method was used. The level of diversification was analyzed by using the entropy method, and the factors that influence food security were analyzed by multiple linear regression. The results showed that the level of food security of farm households of land consolidation participants in Sukoharjo Regency was in the category of lack of food (76.7%). The level of food diversification of farm households of land consolidation participants in Sukoharjo Regency has not been completely diversified. Factor that increase the amount of food expenditure is the number of family members, while factors that decrease the amount of food expenditure are food diversification, the number of school children, and mother's education. Factors that increase the number of energy sufficiency are cooking oil price, mother's education, and menu variations, while factors that reduce the energy sufficiency rate are food diversification and the number of family members.

This study aims to analyze the conditions of farm household food security levels and analyze the magnitude of the influence of factors such as farmer income, farmer education, farmer age, and number of family members on the level of food security of farm households in Sidorejo District, Salatiga City. This study uses data taken by survey methods and interviews with farmers as respondents. The number of samples used was 90 respondents, taken using the simple random sampling method in Pulutan Village, Kauman Kidul Village, and Blangkas Village as the areas where surveys and interviews were conducted with the largest number of farmer households registered in the Farmer Members Group in Sidorejo District. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method, and the use of a proportion of food expenditure as an indicator for the level of food security of farm households. The analysis showed that statistically the factors of farmer income, farmer education, and the number of family members of the farmer had a significant effect on the level of food security of the household of the farmer, while the age factor of the farmer had no significant effect. Many as 55.56% of households have a proportion of food expenditure ≥ 60% or food insecurity. The rest, as much as 44.44% of households have food expenditure &lt;60% or food security. Based on these results, the advice given is to increase farmers’ incomes by providing skills and training, as well as dissemination of policies on Sustainable Food Home Areas (KRPL).

Background: The impact of climate change on smallholder farmers in underdeveloped countries&amp;mdash;specifically, Ethiopia is widely recognized. Farm households employ a range of geographically and temporally varying adaptation strategies to cope with the adverse consequences of climate change. Therefore, it is critical to examine the few empirical studies that examine how rural Ethiopian farm households confronting drought have responded to climate change to ensure food security. Primary data were collected from 385 randomly selected farm households using a semi-structured survey form. Data analysis was performed using endogenous switching regression models and descriptive statistics. Result: Results show that the majority of the sample households (76.7%) adopted climate change adaptation strategies (livelihood diversification, soil and water conservation, and chemical fertilizers separately or in combination) while the remaining 23.3% are non-adopters. Climate change knowledge is validated as an instrumental variable. Model results revealed that adopter farmers would have significantly lower (11.6%) daily calorie intake if they had not adopted them, and non-adopter farmers would have gained significantly higher (12.8%) daily calorie intake if they had adopted them. Sex, marital status, land fragmentation, education, family size, farm size, credit access, extension contacts, and livestock ownership are significantly associated with the likelihood of adoption. Results also show systematic differences where the sex of the head variable is inversely related to the food security of adopters and vice versa for non-adopters. Conclusion: The majority of farm households in the study area know the implications of climate change (73.5%) and suffer from food insecurity (59%). Farmers&amp;#39; knowledge about climate change and variability varies, affecting social, economic, biophysical, and institutional issues. This was shown using descriptive statistics and OLM data. Farm households led by young, male farmers who are married, frequently interact with extension agents, have access to loans and information about climate change, and have non-fragmented plots possess greater knowledge about climate change than other households. Adaptation interventions should consider the above factors and heterogeneities to increase adoption and improve the food security of farm households in the study area.