Enhancing precision in colorectal cancer surgery: development of an LGR5-targeting RSPO1 peptide mimetic as a contrast agent for intraoperative fluorescence molecular imaging

Abstract

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. In the United States alone, CRC was responsible for approximately 52,550 deaths in 2023, with an estimated 153,020 new cases. CRC presents with synchronous peritoneal spread in 5–10% of patients, and up to 20–50% of patients with recurrent disease will develop metachronous colorectal cancer peritoneal metastatic (CRC-PM) disease. Eradication of the tumor, tumor margins and microscopic residual disease is paramount, as microscopic residual disease is associated with local recurrences, with 5-year survival rates of less than 35%. The success of resection and reduction of residual disease depends on the accuracy with which cancer cells and normal tissue can be intra-operatively distinguished. Fluorescence Molecular Imaging (IFMI) and tumor-targeted contrast agents represent a promising approach for intraoperative detection and surgical intervention. Proper target selection, the development of scalable imaging agents and enhanced real-time tumor and tumor microenvironment imaging are critical to enabling enhanced surgical resection. LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5), a colonic crypt stem cell marker and the receptor for the R-spondins (RSPO) in the Wnt signaling pathway, is also expressed on colorectal cancer stem cells (CSC) and on CRC tumors and metastases, suggesting it could be a useful target for imaging of CRC. However, there are numerous diverging reports on the role of LGR5 in CRC therapy and outcomes. Herein, we report on the synthesis and validation of a 37 amino acid RSPO1-mimetic peptide, termed RC18, that was specifically designed to access the R-spondin binding site of LGR5 to potentially be used for interoperative imaging of CRC-PM. The receptor-binding capabilities of the RC18 indicate that direct interactions with LGR5 neither significantly increased LGR5 signaling nor blocked RSPO1 binding and signal transduction, suggesting that the RSPO1-mimetic is functionally inert, making it an attractive contrast agent for intraoperative CRC-PM imaging.