Enhancing lutein extraction from marigolds through ultrasound-assisted optimization using response surface methodology

Abstract

This research aimed to enhance and optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of lutein from marigold flowers. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was the primary optimization technique. Three key independent variables were considered to determine the best conditions for the highest lutein yield: ultrasonic amplitude, extraction temperature, and extraction time. These variables were systematically varied following the Central Composite Design (CCD). Lutein quantitation was achieved using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry analysis. Using both the RSM and CCD frameworks, the study established specific ranges for the operational conditions: 21.6–38.4% for ultrasonic amplitude, 23.18–56.82 °C for extraction temperature and 3.18–36.82 minutes for extraction duration. The study determined the optimal extraction conditions to be 32.76% ultrasonic amplitude, 40.08 °C extraction temperature, and 25.82 minutes of extraction time. Under these optimized conditions, the experimental lutein yield closely matched the yield predicted by the RSM model, thus confirming the model's accuracy. The UAE demonstrated a notably superior lutein yield compared to traditional extraction techniques. The RSM is a robust tool for refining and determining optimal UAE conditions for lutein extraction from marigold flowers. With its efficiency, speed, and eco- friendliness, the optimized UAE technique presents significant potential for widespread industrial use.