Abstract
Lithium manganese oxide is regarded as a capable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but it suffers from relative low conductivity, manganese dissolution in electrolyte and structural distortion from cubic to tetragonal during elevated temperature tests. This review covers a comprehensive study about the main directions taken into consideration to supress the drawbacks of lithium manganese oxide: structure doping and surface modification by coating. Regarding the doping of LiMn2O4, several perspectives are studied, which include doping with single or multiple cations, only anions and combined doping with cations and anions. Surface modification approach consists in coating with different materials like carbonaceous compounds, oxides, phosphates and solid electrolyte solutions. The modified lithium manganese oxide performs better than pristine samples, showing improved cyclability, better behaviour at high discharge c-rates and elevated temperate and improves lithium ions diffusion coefficient.
Highlights
Since their introduction to market by Sony, in 1990, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) became the most popular power source for consumer electronics and electric vehicles too [1,2,3]
Lithium manganese oxide’s major drawbacks like structural instability during long time cycling and manganese dissolution can be suppressed by doping the pristine spinel with alkali (Na+ [54]), alkali-earth (Mg2+ [55]), transition (Ni [56,57,58,59], Cu2+ [60,61], Zn2+ [62,63], La3+ [64], Dy4+ [65,66], Ce4+ [67]) or triels metals ions (Al3+ [31,68])
In comparison with the pristine spinel synthesized via the same glycine-nitrate combustion process, the doped sample exhibited an initial higher discharge capacity and the dopants stabilized the spinel structure, a capacity fade of only 10% was recorded after 30 cycles (1 C)
Summary
Since their introduction to market by Sony, in 1990, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) became the most popular power source for consumer electronics (smartphones, laptops, portable medical devices) and electric vehicles too [1,2,3]. It is well known that lithium manganese oxide’s performance in organic electrolyte solution at elevate temperatures, suffers from manganese dissolution into electrolyte [25,26,27], Jahn-Teller distortion [28] and electrolyte oxidation on the surface of LMO particles [29]. Another problem related to Li-ion battery functioning is the electrolyte stability.
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