Enhancing human-tiger coexistence in forest corridors of Nepal through a socio-ecological approach to conservation

Abstract

Forest corridors in lowlands of Nepal provide connectivity for endangered Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) between Nepal and India. In recent years, both Bengal tiger and human populations in these areas have increased, leading to greater potential for conflict. Although people's attitudes and behaviors towards Bengal tigers have been relatively positive, increased tiger attacks are likely to negatively impact human perceptions of risks. We investigated current views of people living in four different communities of the Khata Corridor of Nepal and inferred how their opinions of Bengal tigers varied based on multiple locality-specific effects. We conducted in-person household surveys (N = 177) using a systematic random sampling design and semi-structured questionnaires. In general, people had positive attitudes towards Bengal tigers but also believed expanding populations in the region were responsible for greater conflict. There was a consensus opinion that Bengal tiger abundances should remain constant or be reduced in the next 10 years, indicating potential for reduced acceptance. However, individual's attitude and tolerance for Bengal tigers varied based on structure of local human settlements. Our finding suggest individuals living in communities lacking formal education, with more frequent visitation to forest habitats, higher intensity of hostile interactions, and no benefits from tourism had lower levels of tolerance. Greater tolerance for Bengal tigers was conversely most associated with opposite settlement demographics. Coexistence between humans and Bengal tigers may be enhanced by working towards equal opportunities for eco-tourism among settlements, and public reporting of research findings to counter negative opinions that are not supported by data.