Enhancing Executive Control: Attention to Balance, Breath, and the Speed Versus Accuracy Tradeoff.

Varsha Singh,Vaishali Mutreja

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00180

Abstract

Malleability of executive control and its enhancement through yoga training is unclear. In Study 1, participants (yoga group; n = 27, mean = 23.27 years) were tested on executive control tasks pre- and post-8 weeks of yoga training. The training focused on attention to postural control during yoga asanas and respiratory control during pranayama-breathing (30 min each of postural and breath control training, biweekly). Yoga training was assessed via performance ratings as to how well a posture was executed and by examining errors that reflected inattention/failures in postural and breath control. We also explored whether attentional demands on motor and respiratory control were associated with three components of executive control (working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition) during nine executive control tasks. Partial correlation results revealed that the three components of executive control might be differentially impacted by postural and breath control and selectively associated with either speed or accuracy (except for cognitive flexibility). Attentional demands influenced the link between postural, breath, and cognitive control. In Study 2, comparisons between a yoga group and a gender-matched control group (control group; n = 27, mean = 23.33 years) pointed toward higher working memory accuracy and a better speed–accuracy tradeoff in inhibitory control in the yoga group. A ceiling-practice effect was addressed by examining yoga practice learning (i.e., practice-induced change in postural and breath control reflected in ratings and errors) on executive control performance across two sets of tasks: repeatedly tested (pre- and post-8 weeks) and non-repeatedly tested (post-8 weeks). Attention to motor and respiratory control during yoga might be considered as a potential mechanism through which specific components of executive control in young adults might be enhanced potentially via altering of speed–accuracy tradeoff.

Highlights

Malleability within different components of executive control in early adulthood is not well understood (e.g., Diamond and Lee, 2011; Diamond and Ling, 2016; Friedman et al, 2016)
These results suggest a possible link between the demands on motor and respiratory control and the attentional demands on working memory
Specific components of the speed–accuracy tradeoff in regard to cognitive control performance might have been differentially responsive to specific aspects of yoga training within this young adult sample

Summary

Introduction

Malleability within different components of executive control in early adulthood is not well understood (e.g., Diamond and Lee, 2011; Diamond and Ling, 2016; Friedman et al, 2016). Even though attention and executive control processes could be influenced by yoga and other mindfulness practices (Jha et al, 2007; Teper and Inzlicht, 2013), the mechanism through which. Attention training enhances different components of executive control by regulating the speed-accuracy tradeoff. The three components of executive control of greatest interest to the present study are working memory (i.e., storing information in the mind long enough to use it), cognitive flexibility (i.e., changing perspectives by shifting attention), and inhibition (i.e., selectively attending to one stimulus while ignoring another) (Miyake et al, 2000; Diamond, 2013)

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion