Abstract
This study validated a 2D dynamic anisotropic hygrothermal simulation model for Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), focusing on vertical water uptake and moisture dry-out processes. The simulations, compared against experimental data, showed a root mean square deviation of ≤3.3 across all locations. Variations in material properties necessitated the use of multiple material definitions. Moisture storage and liquid conductivity function had a significant impact on the results. A new two-step moisture content (MC) performance criterion was developed: MC ≤ 16 % at 30 mm and MC ≤ 25 % at 10 mm from the end grain to prevent mould growth. Sensitivity analysis suggested that validating MC30 mm is reasonable when MC10 mm exceeds 19 %. The criterion was applied to analyse moisture management strategies for CLT end-grain moisture safety. Simulations with 30-year climate data indicated a slight decrease in successful outcomes in recent years. Strategic installation timing, particularly favouring the spring season due to its relatively drier conditions in Estonia, was found to be highly beneficial. CLT end-grain protection or full-coverage weather protection is recommended to ensure a high level of moisture safety, and long construction periods should be avoided even with full-coverage protection. Including moisture dry-out periods before covering CLT is advised. However, unassisted dry-out is feasible only during spring (up to four weeks). Additional equipment is necessary for timely moisture dry-out during other seasons, including summer, due to higher precipitation loads. The use of anisotropic 2D hygrothermal simulations proved to be practical in enhancing CLT resilience to moisture-induced damage.
Published Version
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