Abstract
Lack of bioactivity has seriously restricted the development of biodegradable implants for bone tissue engineering. Therefore, surface modification of the composite is crucial to improve the osteointegration for bone regeneration. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a key factor in inducing osteogenesis and promoting bone regeneration, has been widely used in various clinical therapeutic trials. In this study, BMP-2 was successfully immobilized on graphene oxide-incorporated PLGA/HA (GO-PLGA/HA) biodegradable microcarriers. Our study demonstrated that the graphene oxide (GO) facilitated the simple and highly efficient immobilization of peptides on PLGA/HA microcarriers within 120 min. To further test in vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured on different microcarriers to observe various cellular activities. It was found that GO and HA significantly enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. More importantly, the immobilization of BMP-2 onto the GO-PLGA/HA microcarriers resulted in significantly greater osteogenic differentiation of cells in vitro, as indicated by the alkaline phosphate activity test, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, immunofluorescence staining and mineralization on the deposited substrates. Findings from this study revealed that the method to use GO-PLGA/HA microcarriers for immobilizing BMP-2 has a great potential for the enhancement of the osseointegration of bone implants.
Highlights
Lack of bioactivity has seriously restricted the development of biodegradable implants for bone tissue engineering
We focused on the preparation of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) immobilized graphene oxide-incorporated PLGA/HA microcarriers to improve cell adhesion and osteogenic activity on bone implants for osseointegration
graphene oxide (GO)-PLGA/HA microcarriers were prepared on the basis of the admixture of PLGA and HA blended with GO by an emulsion solvent evaporation method
Summary
Lack of bioactivity has seriously restricted the development of biodegradable implants for bone tissue engineering. Findings from this study revealed that the method to use GO-PLGA/HA microcarriers for immobilizing BMP-2 has a great potential for the enhancement of the osseointegration of bone implants. Many studies have reported that polymer materials incorporated with BMP-2 can significantly induce cell osteogenic differentiation as well as enhance bone formation[16,17,18]. Because the fabrication of polymer materials must use organic solvents, the bioactivity of the growth factor will be damaged or reduced Compared to these conventional methods, the immobilization method has attracted much attention as a new delivery method. In this study, we report graphene oxide-incorporated PLGA/HA microcarriers with BMP-2 immobilization to enhance the cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Our study may provide a potential biomaterial for bone tissues engineering and contribute to a better understanding of the biological applications of engineered graphene-based nanomaterials
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