Abstract
Visual assessment of true cell penetration with a microinjection pipette is not always feasible due to cloudy solutions, adjacent cells, and light microscopy wavelength limitations. This is especially true for microinjection in bovine oocytes and zygotes due to their cytoplasmic opacity. We hypothesized that an increase in electrical resistance upon bovine zygote plasmatic membrane piercing can serve as a real-time tool to confirm cell penetration and embryo viability.
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