Enhancing Anticancer Potential: Optimization of Allicin Extraction from Regular Garlic and Characterization of Allicin-Loaded Copper Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

This research aimed to optimize the extraction and purification processes of allicin from regular garlic (Allium sativum) and to evaluate the potential of allicin-loaded copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles for anticancer applications. Initially, various solvents, including MilliQ water, 25% methanol, and phosphate buffer pH 2.5 in 60% methanol, were tested to determine the most effective conditions for extracting allicin. Among these, MilliQ water and 25% methanol demonstrated the highest extraction efficiencies, as evidenced by their absorbance values. The extracted allicin underwent purification and was subsequently characterized using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These techniques confirmed the identity and high purity of the allicin. Following purification, the allicin was encapsulated into copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles using an optimized nanoprecipitation protocol. The physicochemical properties of the allicin-loaded nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed a mean particle size of 123 nm, indicating a uniform and nanoscale particle distribution. Zeta potential measurements indicated a surface charge of -28.34 mV, suggesting good stability of the nanoparticles in suspension. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to further analyze the particle size, surface charge, and morphology, providing detailed insights into the structural attributes of the nanoparticles. The successful encapsulation of allicin into CuO nanoparticles not only enhances the stability and bioavailability of allicin but also leverages the unique properties of CuO nanoparticles, which are known for their anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. This study underscores the potential of allicin-loaded CuO nanoparticles derived from regular garlic as a promising formulation for pharmaceutical applications, particularly in the field of oncology. These findings warrant further investigation into their clinical efficacy and safety to fully harness their therapeutic potential.