Enhancing agricultural sustainability through plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanotechnology

Abstract

The challenges facing the global agricultural system in the twenty-first century, such as declining productivity and ecosystem sustainability, are worsened by predictions of a growing population, which is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. Factors related to climate change, such as rising temperatures and abiotic stresses, such as salinity and drought, put agricultural production at risk. Sustainable agriculture has become crucial, as it offers long-term environmental and social benefits by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. One promising solution for sustainable agriculture is the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). These bacteria, which are abundant in the rhizosphere, enhance plant growth both directly and indirectly by promoting root growth, biofertilization, and controlling phytopathogens. However, despite their potential, challenges still exist in terms of the inconsistent performance and mechanisms of PGPR, which limits their widespread adoption. Biofertilizers containing PGPR provide a sustainable alternative to conventional fertilizers by enhancing nutrient availability and soil fertility. Additionally, the integration of nanotechnology holds promise in improving agricultural sustainability by facilitating efficient nutrient uptake and the controlled release of fertilizers, thus reducing environmental impacts. PGPR have been shown to be effective in various crops such as maize and sugarcane, offering solutions for soil nutrient deficiencies and pathogen control. Nevertheless, the beneficial effects of PGPR may be influenced by certain bacterial traits, underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate strains for optimal outcomes. In conclusion, the integration of PGPR and nanotechnology offers a comprehensive approach to sustainable agriculture, addressing the complex challenges.