Abstract
Paper-based analytical devices (PADs), including lateral flow assays (LFAs), dipstick assays and microfluidic PADs (μPADs), have a great impact on the healthcare realm and environmental monitoring. This is especially evident in developing countries because PADs-based point-of-care testing (POCT) enables to rapidly determine various (bio)chemical analytes in a miniaturized, cost-effective and user-friendly manner. Low sensitivity and poor specificity are the main bottlenecks associated with PADs, which limit the entry of PADs into the real-life applications. The application of nanomaterials in PADs is showing great improvement in their detection performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy since the nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties. In this review, the research progress on the nanomaterial-based PADs is summarized by highlighting representative recent publications. We mainly focus on the detection principles, the sensing mechanisms of how they work and applications in disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety management. In addition, the limitations and challenges associated with the development of nanomaterial-based PADs are discussed, and further directions in this research field are proposed.
Highlights
As an accessible and cheap material made from cellulose or nitrocellulose, paper offers many advantages for development of biosensing platforms, in particular point-of-care-testing (POCT) devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]
The results suggested that the UCNP-based fluorescent paper-based analytical devices (PADs) could be used as a POCT device for individual diagnostic and real-time detection
PADs have achieved great success in the rapid testing area, some parameters on the analytical performance of PADs need to be further improved to meet the specific needs of different detection fields
Summary
As an accessible and cheap material made from cellulose (the most abundant polymer on earth) or nitrocellulose, paper offers many advantages for development of biosensing platforms, in particular point-of-care-testing (POCT) devices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]. After modification of the SWCNT electrode by AuNPs, the as-developed ePAD exhibited excellent glucose detection performance, including good reproducibility (RSD < 8%) and high sensitivity (240 μA/mM cm2), which was used successfully to determine glucose in Coke. Because of the good catalytic property of CuNP towards the EC conversion of NOX and excellent conductivity of graphene, the as-developed ePAD exhibited high selectivity, low LODs (0.23 vppm and 0.03 vppm with exposure times of 25 min and 1 h, respectively), good reproducibility (RSD < 5.1%) and long lifetime (>30 days). The as-developed ePAD exhibited excellent analytical performance, including wide linear range (0.5 to 120 ng L−1), low LOD (0.1 ng L−1) good recovery values (from 97% to 104%) and good reproducibility (RSD < 4.9%). There are no significant differences were found between the results of ePAD and the results of spectrophotometric immunoassay, when two methods were used for the quantification of EE2 in river water samples and spiked water samples
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