Enhancement of the Colorectal Chemopreventive and Immunization Potential of Northern Thai Purple Rice Anthocyanin Using the Biotransformation by β-Glucosidase-Producing Lactobacillus.

Sasithorn Sirilun,Chaiyavat Chaiyasut,Jakkapan Sirithunyalug,Sutasinee Apichai,Busaban Sirithunyalug,Chalermpong Saenjum,Thanawat Pattananandecha

doi:10.3390/antiox11020305

Sasithorn Sirilun, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020305

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Journal: Antioxidants	Publication Date: Feb 2, 2022
Citations: 7	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Chiang Mai University

Abstract

This study aimed to study the biotransformation of indigenous northern Thai purple rice using β-glucosidase-producing Lactobacillus (BGPL) to increase the content of bioactive anthocyanin for colorectal chemoprevention and immunization. BGPL, namely, Lactobacillus FR 332, was first isolated from Thai fermented foods. Indigenous northern Thai purple rice, namely, Khao’ Gam Leum-Phua (KGLP), was selected to study bioactive anthocyanin using biotransformation by L. plantarum FR332 according to the highest amounts of cyanidin-3-glucoside. The determination of anthocyanin quantities revealed that the highest cyanidin was detected after 12 h of biotransformation, corresponding to the highest β-glucosidase activity of L. plantarum FR332 and a decrease in cyanidin-3-glucoside. The anthocyanin extract, after 12 h of biotransformation, exhibited the most potent in vitro antioxidative activity. Additionally, it showed potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nitric oxide, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in interferon-γ-stimulated colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) cells without exerting cytotoxicity. Moreover, it also showed a potent inhibitory effect on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion and an induction effect on anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 secretion. These documents highlight the potential to be used of the anthocyanin extract after 12 h of biotransformation by L. plantarum FR332 as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient (NAPI) for colorectal chemoprevention and immunization.

Highlights

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Carcinogenesis is influenced by inherited and acquired susceptibility factors, initiation factors including external and endogenous carcinogens, and promotion and progression factors
Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside were the predominant anthocyanins found in all the purple rice extracts; cyanidin was found in Khao’ Gam Leum-Phua (KGLP), Khao’ Gam Boung (KGB), and Khao’ Gam Thor (KGT), while peonidin was not detected
The results showed that KGLP had the significantly highest (p < 0.05) content of cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside

Summary

Introduction

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Carcinogenesis is influenced by inherited and acquired susceptibility factors, initiation factors including external and endogenous carcinogens, and promotion and progression factors. Chemoprevention through the use of drugs, natural or synthetic active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), allows the suppression, retardation, inhibition, or intervention of carcinogenesis, which may be conducted at a variety of timepoints of carcinogenesis to prevent induction and inhibit or delay the progression of cancers [1,2]. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 305 that numerous natural active pharmaceutical ingredients (NAPIs) can protect against cell proliferation in the destruction of certain reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which initiate carcinogenesis through oxidative and nitrosative damage to DNA. It has been reported that using cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, namely, aspirin and celecoxib, can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in high-risk groups [5,6]. The selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib is precautioned in patients with cardiovascular disease

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