Abstract
In this study we aimed to compare the chemical composition and biological activity between Morus alba L. leaf extract obtained with 95% v/v ethanol using a pulsed electric field (PEF) and the conventional maceration method. Extracts of M. alba leaves collected from Chiang Mai (CM), Sakon Nakon (SK), and Buriram (BR), Thailand, were investigated for 1-deoxynojirimycin content by high-performance liquid chromatography and for total phenolic content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant activity was investigated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Anti-tyrosinase and anti-hyaluronidase activity was investigated by in vitro spectrophotometry. The results show that this is the first study to indicate PEF as a novel method for enhancing the phenolic content and antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-hyaluronidase activity of M. alba leaf extract (P < 0.05). PEF extract of M. alba leaves collected from BR had comparable ABTS•+ scavenging activity to l-ascorbic acid and comparable anti-tyrosinase activity to kojic acid (P > 0.05). On the other hand, PEF extract of M. alba leaves collected from SK exhibited significantly high anti-hyaluronidase activity, comparable to that of oleanolic acid (P > 0.05). Therefore, PEF is suggested for further M. alba leaf extraction in the production of natural whitening and anti-aging cosmetic ingredients.
Highlights
Mulberry (Morus alba L.), belonging to the genus Morus in the family Moraceae, is widely distributed in various climatic conditions ranging from tropical to temperate [1]
There are many articles dealing with pulsed electric field (PEF) extraction, most of them are aimed at using PEF in the food industry
The present study is the first to reveal the potential of PEF extraction to enhance the variety of cosmetic activities of M. alba leaves for use in the cosmetic industry
Summary
Mulberry (Morus alba L.), belonging to the genus Morus in the family Moraceae, is widely distributed in various climatic conditions ranging from tropical to temperate [1]. The fruit of M. alba is edible and widely used in the preparation of juices, smoothies, desserts, jams, etc. Various active biological components of M. alba fruit have been previously reported, including anthocyanins, rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and polysaccharides [1]. M. alba leaf has been reported for its protection against age-related behavioral and biochemical changes, since it is rich in 1-deoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of α-glucosidase, which can alter cell surface glycosylation and plays an important role in protein turnover, tissue remodeling, diabetes, and skin aging [5,6,7]. Cosmeceutical applications of M. alba leaf have been proposed, since it possesses anti-aging, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activity [8,9,10]. Developing an extraction technique that could enhance this cosmeceutical-related biological activity is attractive and worthwhile
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