Abstract
The nonvolatile photorefractive characteristics of LiNbO3:Fe:Cu and In-doped LiNbO3:Fe:Cu crystals are investigated. The stronger nonvolatile blue photorefraction observed can be ascribed to its remarkable characteristic of being in phase between the two gratings recorded in shallow and deep trap centers, which is one or two orders of magnitude higher than those obtained in conventional two-color recordings under the same recording conditions. Furthermore, it is interesting that, compared with LiNbO3:Fe:Cu, the recording properties, such as the saturation refractive index change, nonvolatile sensitivity and response time at 488 nm wavelength are enhanced in LiNbO3:In:Fe:Cu crystals under the same recording conditions. The so-called damage-resistant dopants such as In3+ ions in red photorefraction are not damage resistant at 488 nm wavelength but they enhance the blue photorefraction.
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