Enhancement of mechanical properties and shape memory effect of Ti–Cr–based alloys via Au and Cu modifications

Abstract

The requirements for biomedical materials have been raised greatly due to the rapidly aging global population. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are indeed promising materials for biomedical applications due to their controllable shape deformation via the manipulation of temperature and/or stress. This study investigated the enhancement of the fundamental mechanical properties and the shape memory effect (SME) in the Ti–Cr–based alloys via the modification of Au and Cu. The quaternary Ti–Cr–Au–Cu alloys were successfully manufactured by physical metallurgy methods and their phase constitutions, mechanical properties, SME, and superelastic (SE) behaviors have been investigated in this study. Cold–workability, which was enhanced by the introduction of the Au element, was elaborated by the phase constitutions of the alloys. The β–parent phase was stabilized to around body temperature by the introduction of the β–stabilizers of Cr, Au, and Cu, and the functionalities of the specimens were revealed at the operating temperature. Perfect SME at the shape recovery rate of 100% was practiced by the substitution of Au by Cu and the mechanical properties, such as strength and ductility, were also enhanced. Functional mappings of the fundamental mechanical properties, which could be a helpful tool for the investigations of the quaternary Ti–Cr–Au–Cu alloys, were constructed in this work.