Enhancement of integrated nano-sensor performance comprised of electrospun PANI/carbonaceous material fibers for phenolic detection in aqueous solutions

Abstract

The detection of trace levels of organic residue in water samples is a key health issue. This manuscript describes the fabrication of integrated nano-sensors composed of electrospun microfibers consisting of a nanocomposite of carbonaceous materials (CNMs) containing polyaniline (PANI) and polycaprolactone (PCL) for phenolic detection in aqueous solutions. The morphology of the resulting microfiber composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. It revealed elongated fibers with a highly interconnected web-like pattern in the presence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Shorter microfibers were observed in the composite filled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), whereas large agglomerates were formed upon the incorporation of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) and graphene 300 (G300). Comparative analysis showed that the PANI/CNM sensors exhibited the best electrochemical properties, in particular in the presence of rGO and MWCNTs, where greater electrical conductivity was achieved, i.e., 4.33 × 10−3 and 7.22 × 10−4 S/cm, respectively, as compared to the PANI-PCL sensor (3.79 × 10−4 S/cm). All the PANI/CNM sensors exhibited high sensitivity. Notably, PANI/rGO was found to have a detection limit of 8.34 × 10−3 µM for aminophenol. All the sensors exhibited good selectivity in the presence of interference to detecting phenolic compounds in aqueous solutions, thus confirming their value for industrial applications.