Enhancement of crystal homogeneity of protein crystals under application of an external alternating current electric field

Abstract

Vertex operator approach is a powerful method to study exactly solvable models. We review recent progress of vertex operator approach to semi-infinite spin chain. (1) The first progress is a generalization of boundary condition. We study $U_q(\widehat{sl}(2))$ spin chain with a triangular boundary, which gives a generalization of diagonal boundary [Baseilhac and Belliard 2013, Baseilhac and Kojima 2014]. We give a bosonization of the boundary vacuum state. As an application, we derive a summation formulae of boundary magnetization. (2) The second progress is a generalization of hidden symmetry. We study supersymmetry $U_q(\widehat{sl}(M|N))$ spin chain with a diagonal boundary [Kojima 2013]. By now we have studied spin chain with a boundary, associated with symmetry $U_q(\widehat{sl}(N))$, $U_q(A_2^{(2)})$ and $U_{q,p}(\widehat{sl}(N))$ [Furutsu-Kojima 2000, Yang-Zhang 2001, Kojima 2011, Miwa-Weston 1997, Kojima 2011], where bosonizations of vertex operators are realized by "monomial" . However the vertex operator for $U_q(\widehat{sl}(M|N))$ is realized by "sum", a bosonization of boundary vacuum state is realized by "monomial".