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Abstract
Background: Memory efficiency is influenced by the modalities of acquisition and retrieval. The recall accuracy of read or voiced material differs depending on whether the recall is given verbally or in writing. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for both attentional allocation and short-term memory, suggesting that different short-term memory recall modalities are associated with distinct mPFC processes and activation patterns.Methods: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to monitor mPFC oxygenation parameters of 30 healthy subjects during acquisition and recall tasks as a measure of neural activity. Oxygenation parameters and recall accuracy were compared between oral and written answers and the potential correlations were analyzed.Results: Written responses were more accurate than verbal responses to the same questions and evoked greater changes in mPFC oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and total Hb (total-Hb). Furthermore, there were significant positive correlations between recall accuracy and both Δ[oxyHb] and Δ[total-Hb] in the mPFC.Conclusion: Memory accuracy of written material is greater when responses are also written rather than verbal. In both cases, recall accuracy was correlated with the degree of mPFC activity. This NIRS-based learning and memory paradigm may be useful for monitoring training efficacy, such as in patients with cognitive impairment.
Highlights
Learning and memory involve are multi-step neural which include the encoding and acquisition of information, its storage and retention, and its reproduction or recognition (Amodio, 2019; Fukuda et al, 2020)
This study examined the hemodynamic responses of the Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during a short-term memory task and compared activation patterns between recall modalities
The primary observations are that reading and recall can activate the mPFC, that response amplitude is greater during written recall, and that response magnitude is correlated with recall accuracy for both modalities
Summary
Learning and memory involve are multi-step neural which include the encoding and acquisition of information (memorization), its storage and retention (consolidation), and its reproduction or recognition (recall) (Amodio, 2019; Fukuda et al, 2020). Performance and spatiotemporal neural activity during recall of written information (acquired by reading) may differ depending on whether recall is rewritten or verbal. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes to numerous advanced brain functions (D’Esposito et al, 2000; Davidson et al, 2006) Both the lateral and medial surfaces of the PFC receive projections from medial temporal lobe (MTL) and thalamus, which are part of the recognition memory network (Banks et al, 2012; Pergola and Suchan, 2013; Preston and Eichenbaum, 2013; Guo and Yang, 2019) which are critical for recall (Cohen et al, 2018). The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is critical for both attentional allocation and short-term memory, suggesting that different short-term memory recall modalities are associated with distinct mPFC processes and activation patterns
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