Enhanced Vertical Rectus Contractility by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Superior Oblique Palsy

Abstract

To seek evidence for causative secondary changes in extraocular muscle volume, cross-sectional area, and contractility in superior oblique (SO) palsy using magnetic resonance imaging, given that vertical deviations in SO palsy greatly exceed those explained by loss of SO vertical action alone. High-resolution, quasi-coronal orbital magnetic resonance images in target-controlled central gaze, supraduction, and infraduction were obtained in 12 patients with chronic unilateral SO palsy and 36 age-matched healthy volunteers using an 8-cm field of view and 2-mm slice thickness. Digital image analysis was used to quantify rectus extraocular muscle and SO cross-sectional areas and volumes. Measurements were compared with those of controls in central gaze to detect hypertrophy or atrophy and during vertical gaze changes to detect excess contractility. In central gaze, the paretic SO was significantly atrophic (P<.001) and the contralesional superior rectus (SR) was significantly hypertrophic (P=.02). Across the range of vertical duction from supraduction to infraduction, both the contralesional SR (P=.04) and inferior rectus (P=.001) exhibited significantly supernormal contractile changes in maximum cross-sectional area. Contractile changes in the ipsilesional SR and inferior rectus exhibited a similar but insignificant trend (.08<P<.12). Central gaze hypertrophy of the contralesional SR may be secondary to chronic excess innervation to compensate for relative hypotropia of this eye. Supernormal contralesional SR and inferior rectus contractility suggests that dynamic patterns of abnormal innervation to vertical rectus extraocular muscles may contribute to large hypertropias often observed in SO palsy.