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Abstract
Electrospun xanthan polysaccharide nanofibers (X) were developed as an encapsulation and delivery system of the poorly absorbed polyphenol compounds, gallic acid (GA) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the electrospun nanofibers, and controlled release studies were performed at pH 6.5 and 7.4 in saline buffer, suggesting that the release of polyphenols from xanthan nanofibers follows a non-Fickian mechanism. Furthermore, the X-GA and X-EGCG nanofibers were incubated with Caco-2 cells, and the cell viability, transepithelial transport, and permeability properties across cell monolayers were investigated. Increases of GA and EGCG permeabilities were observed when the polyphenols were loaded into xanthan nanofibers, compared to the free compounds. The observed in vitro permeability enhancement of GA and EGCG was induced by the presence of the polysaccharide nanofibers, which successfully inhibited efflux transporters, as well as by opening tight junctions.
Highlights
Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in our diet and they are receiving increasing interest due to the established association between the intake of a polyphenol-rich diet and the prevention of various diseases [1,2]
The observed reduction in cell viability was expected to be less pronounced for transepithelial transport studies, since the cell monolayers were exposed to X, X-gallic acid (GA), and X-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) for 8 h rather than 24 h
It was found that X, X-GA, and X-EGCG nanofibers remained stable in aqueous Hanks’ balanced salt solution (HBSS) medium at different pH (6.5 and pH 7.4)
Summary
Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in our diet and they are receiving increasing interest due to the established association between the intake of a polyphenol-rich diet and the prevention of various diseases [1,2]. Because of their antioxidant [3], antimutagenic [4], and anticarcinogenic properties [5,6], polyphenols have recently attracted research interest towards the study of their metabolism and absorption mechanisms across the gut barrier [7]. In vitro investigations have been conducted with Caco-2 cell monolayers, in order to evaluate the transepithelial transport of pure GA across the cellular barrier, and the apparent permeability coefficient, Papp, under a proton gradient was about 0.20 × 10−6 cm/s [8]
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