Abstract
Enhanced cell adherence to the surface of nanocrystallized commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti) was observed by several authors. However, the understanding of the surface modification of Ti in a physiological solution due to nanocrystallized grain size has not been reached. In this work, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was applied to manufacturing ultrafine grained CP–Ti. Martensite and Widmanstatten microstructures were also obtained for comparison. The CP–Ti pieces with different microstructures were subjected to soaking tests in a simulated body fluid. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to characterize the surfaces. The results show the surface precipitates mainly contain Ti, O, Ca and P. The quantity of precipitates on ECAPed CP–Ti is the largest among different specimens corresponded to the observation of the thickest layer formation on ECAPed CP–Ti found by EIS. EDS results show more CaPO and less Ti are included on ECAPed Ti comparing to the deposits on other two types of specimens. Smaller numbers of precipitates and denser film are produced on the surface of the water-quenched CP–Ti. The regeneration kinetics of the CaP precipitates evaluated by Gibbs free energy is introduced to interpret the precipitating behaviors on different CP–Ti specimens.
Highlights
Titanium and titanium alloys are potential materials for biomedical application due to their high mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance
The surface modification on commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti) specimens soaked in a pure N2 bubbled simulated body fluid with bovine serum albumin (BSA) addition due to different microstructure of substrate was investigated
ECAPed CP–Ti has a microstructure of ultrafine grain size averagely 3.3 μm, whereas Furnace cooling (FC) and water quenching (WQ) CP–Ti has developed coarse grained Widmanstatten and martensite microstructure, respectively
Summary
Titanium and titanium alloys are potential materials for biomedical application due to their high mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance. Pure titanium occupies the strength lower than. Ti–6Al–4V, for example, for no alloys addition to pure titanium. Its strength can be elevated through microstructural modification by severe plastic deformation (SPD). Corrosion resistance and surface cells attachment can be improved by the method of SPD [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. The strength increment is correlated to ultrafine grain size given by Hall-Petch relationship. Until now the mechanism of improved cell attachment and corrosion resistance of titanium metal affected by grain size has not been understood
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