Enhanced Risk Aversion, But Not Loss Aversion, in Unmedicated Pathological Anxiety

Caroline J Charpentier,Jessica Aylward,Jonathan P Roiser,Oliver J Robinson

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.010

Caroline J Charpentier, Jessica Aylward + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.010

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Journal: Biological psychiatry	Publication Date: Dec 16, 2016
Citations: 122	License type: cc-by

Affiliation: University College London

Abstract

BackgroundAnxiety disorders are associated with disruptions in both emotional processing and decision making. As a result, anxious individuals often make decisions that favor harm avoidance. However, this bias could be driven by enhanced aversion to uncertainty about the decision outcome (e.g., risk) or aversion to negative outcomes (e.g., loss). Distinguishing between these possibilities may provide a better cognitive understanding of anxiety disorders and hence inform treatment strategies. MethodsTo address this question, unmedicated individuals with pathological anxiety (n = 25) and matched healthy control subjects (n = 23) completed a gambling task featuring a decision between a gamble and a safe (certain) option on every trial. Choices on one type of gamble—involving weighing a potential win against a potential loss (mixed)—could be driven by both loss and risk aversion, whereas choices on the other type—featuring only wins (gain only)—were exclusively driven by risk aversion. By fitting a computational prospect theory model to participants’ choices, we were able to reliably estimate risk and loss aversion and their respective contribution to gambling decisions. ResultsRelative to healthy control subjects, pathologically anxious participants exhibited enhanced risk aversion but equivalent levels of loss aversion. ConclusionsIndividuals with pathological anxiety demonstrate clear avoidance biases in their decision making. These findings suggest that this may be driven by a reduced propensity to take risks rather than a stronger aversion to losses. This important clarification suggests that psychological interventions for anxiety should focus on reducing risk sensitivity rather than reducing sensitivity to negative outcomes per se.

Highlights

Anxiety disorders are associated with disruptions in both emotional processing and decision making
Risk aversion was significantly higher in pathologically anxious individuals relative to control subjects, but there was no difference in loss aversion between groups
This study demonstrated that relative to healthy individuals, pathologically anxious individuals exhibit enhanced risk aversion but similar levels of loss aversion

Summary

Introduction

Anxiety disorders are associated with disruptions in both emotional processing and decision making. Anxious individuals often make decisions that favor harm avoidance This bias could be driven by enhanced aversion to uncertainty about the decision outcome (e.g., risk) or aversion to negative outcomes (e.g., loss). Distinguishing between these possibilities may provide a better cognitive understanding of anxiety disorders and inform treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with pathological anxiety demonstrate clear avoidance biases in their decision making. These findings suggest that this may be driven by a reduced propensity to take risks rather than a stronger aversion to losses. This important clarification suggests that psychological interventions for anxiety should focus on reducing risk sensitivity rather than reducing sensitivity to negative outcomes per se

Methods

Results

Conclusion