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Abstract
To efficiently remove malachite green (MG), a novel calcium-functionalized magnetic biochar (Ca/MBC) was fabricated via a two-step pyrolysis method. Iron-containing oxides endowed the target complexes with magnetic properties, especially the chemotactic binding ability with MG, and the addition of calcium significantly changed the morphology of the material and improved its adsorption performance, especially the chemotactic binding ability with MG, which could be confirmed through FTIR, XPS, and adsorption experiments. Electrostatic adsorption, ligand exchange, and hydrogen bonding acted as essential drivers for an enhanced adsorption process, and the maximum theoretical adsorption capacity was up to 12,187.57 mg/g. Ca/MBC maintained a higher adsorption capacity at pH = 4–12, and after five adsorption–desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of MG remained at 1424.2 mg/g and 71.21%, highlighting the advantages of Ca/MBC on adsorbing MG. This study suggests that biochar can be modified by a green synthesis approach to produce calcium-functionalized magnetic biochar with excellent MG removal capacity. The synthetic material can not only remove pollutants from water but also provide an efficient way for soil remediation.
Highlights
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane-based synthetic refractory organic compound with stable chemical properties [1–3]
The morphology of Ca/magnetic biochar (MBC) was analyzed by SEM and TEM
The active sites on the surface of MBC and calcium-modified magnetic porous biochar composites (Ca/MBC) may facilitate the adsorption of MG macromolecules
Summary
Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane-based synthetic refractory organic compound with stable chemical properties [1–3]. MG and leucomalachite green (an MG metabolite) are highly carcinogenic and genotoxic, and can cause significant damage to the human body, especially the immune and reproductive systems [3–6]. Wu et al [7] indicated that key components of soil ecosystems are adversely affected by MG and will eventually have a significant impact on the soil environment and cause ecosystem damage. Since the mid-1990s, when MG was proven to be toxic enough to be prohibited in seafood products for human consumption, 28 EU member states have regulated MG in the production and import of marine products [8]. Decree No 235 of the Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2002 stipulates that MG is prohibited from use in all animal products and should not be detectable in animal food
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