Abstract
Anthraquinones (AQs) and phenolic compounds are important phytochemicals that are biosynthesized in cell suspension cultures of Polygonum multiflorum. We wanted to optimize the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs), media, sucrose, l-glutamine, jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) for the production of phytochemicals and biomass accumulation in a cell suspension culture of P. multiflorum. The medium containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and 4% sucrose supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.5 mg/L thidiazuron, and 100 µM l-glutamine at 28 days of cell suspension culture was suitable for biomass accumulation and AQ production. Maximum biomass accumulation (12.5 and 12.35 g fresh mass (FM); 3 and 2.93 g dry mass (DM)) and AQ production (emodin 295.20 and 282 mg/g DM; physcion 421.55 and 410.25 mg/g DM) were observed using 100 µM JA and SA, respectively. JA- and SA-elicited cell cultures showed several-fold higher biomass accumulation and AQ production than the control cell cultures. Furthermore, the cell suspension cultures effectively produced 23 phenolic compounds, such as flavonols and hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. PGR-, JA-, and SA-elicited cell cultures produced a higher amount of AQs and phenolic compounds. Because of these metabolic changes, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities were high in the PGR-, JA-, and SA-elicited cell cultures. The results showed that the elicitors (JA and SA) induced the enhancement of biomass accumulation and phytochemical (AQs and phenolic compounds) production as well as biological activities in the cell suspension cultures of P. multiflorum. This optimized protocol can be developed for large-scale biomass accumulation and production of phytochemicals (AQs and phenolic compounds) from cell suspension cultures, and the phytochemicals can be used for various biological activities.
Highlights
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a member of the family Polygonaceae and a traditional Chinese medicinal herb
We selected the root as the explant for callus culture, since many principal components are biosynthesized in the roots of P. multiflorum
It can be concluded that the flask cell suspension cultures of P. multiflorum have the potential for scale-up studies on a commercial level by pharmaceutical industries
Summary
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. is a member of the family Polygonaceae and a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. P. multiflorum possesses various biological activities, such as anticancer, anti-HIV, antimicrobial, and antioxidative activities, and it is used to blacken hair and treat hair loss and baldness [2]. Previous phytochemical studies have demonstrated that P. multiflorum has mainly two types of active components, anthraquinones (AQs) and stilbenes, as well as other compounds such as phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and phospholipids [3]. The AQ derivatives of P. multiflorum have antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. These metabolites are used as a dye in textile and food industries [4]. The biological effects of emodin include anticancer, antimutation, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities and prokinetic actions on gastrointestinal smooth muscles [2]. Isolation and purification of AQs and phenolic compounds have attracted much attention for large-scale production
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