Abstract
The simultaneous and sequential dual elicitation effect on plumbagin production in Plumbago indica L. root cultures, revealed that combination of chitosan (150 mg L−1) with ʟ-alanine (5 mM) or methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD; 2 mM) significantly increased plumbagin production, but in the different treatment manners. The simultaneous treatment using chitosan + ʟ-alanine on a 14-day-old culture enhanced plumbagin production to 14.62 mg g−1 DW, while the sequential additions of MCD to a 12-day-old culture followed by chitosan after 48 h enhanced production of plumbagin to 14.33 mg g−1 DW. The plumbagin productivity from both treatments were up to 1.3- and 8-fold higher than the chitosan treated (10.93 mg g−1 DW) and untreated root cultures (1.76 mg g−1 DW). Moreover, the present studies provided new information on the effect of simultaneous and sequential elicitation on plumbagin-producing P. indica root cultures using chitosan in combinations with MCD or ʟ-alanine.
Highlights
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a bioactive constituent in various medicinal products, and most prominently present in Plumbago species especially the roots of Plumbago indica L. (Plumbaginaceae) (Mallavadhani et al 2002)
Effects of simultaneous elicitation on plumbagin production Our present study indicated that only a combination of chitosan and ʟ-alanine improved the plumbagin production in the simultaneous dual elicitation
Such magnitude of an enhanced plumbagin production using the dual simultaneous elicitation with chitosan and ʟ-alanine could be due to the possible role of ʟ-alanine as a precursor for plumbagin biosynthesis as reported by Rischer et al (2002), along with the effects of chitosan inducing defense responses (Iriti and Faoro 2009), cell permeability effects (Johnson et al 1991), or chitosan might have influenced on the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plumbagin like that of phenylpropaniod pathway (Chakraborty et al 2009)
Summary
Plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), a bioactive constituent in various medicinal products, and most prominently present in Plumbago species especially the roots of Plumbago indica L. (Plumbaginaceae) (Mallavadhani et al 2002). A wide variety of elicitors such as yeast extracts (Putalun et al 2010; Juengwatanatrakul et al 2011), chitosan (Komaraiah et al 2003; Gangopadhyay et al 2011; Jaisi and Panichayupakaranant 2016a, 2017), methyl jasmonate (Gangopadhyay et al 2011; Martin et al 2011), salicylic acid (Silja et al 2014) and gamma ray irradiation (Jaisi et al 2013) have been employed to induce the biosynthesis of plumbagin in various plant cell/organ cultures of plumbagin-producing plants. P. indica root cultures have been employed to enhance plumbagin production using different biotic and abiotic elicitors (Panichayupakaranant and Tewtrakul 2002; Jaisi et al 2013; Jaisi and Panichayupakaranant 2016a, b, c, 2017). Our recent works demonstrated that chitosan (150 mg L−1) is the most suitable elicitor for enhanced
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