Enhanced Phytoremediation of Bisphenol A in Polluted Lake Water by Seedlings of Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum from In Vitro Culture.

Chong Zhao,Jinhui Jiang,Guosen Zhang

doi:10.3390/ijerph18020810

Chong Zhao, Jinhui Jiang + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020810

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Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a typical endocrine disruptor that causes problems in waters all around the world. In this study, the effects of submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum and Myriophyllum spicatum) cultured in vitro on the removal of BPA at two initial concentrations (0.5 mg L−1 vs. 5.0 mg L−1) from Donghu lake water were investigated, using different biomass densities (2 g L−1 vs. 10 g L−1) under different nutrient conditions (1.85 mg L−1 and 0.039 mg L−1 vs. 8.04 mg L−1 and 0.175 mg L−1 of the total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration, respectively), together with the effect of indigenous microorganisms in the water. The results showed that indigenous microorganisms had limited capacity for BPA removal, especially at higher BPA initial concentration when its removal rate amounted to about 12% in 12 days. Addition with plant seedlings (5 cm in length) greatly enhanced the BPA removal, which reached 100% and over 50% at low and high BPA initial concentration in 3 days, respectively. Higher biomass density greatly favored the process, resulting in 100% of BPA removal at high BPA initial concentration in 3 days. However, increases in nutrient availability had little effect on the BPA removal by plants. BPA at 10.0 mg L−1 significantly inhibited the growth of M. spicatum. Therefore, C. demersum may be a candidate for phytoremediation due to greater efficiency for BPA removal and tolerance to BPA pollution. Overall, seedlings of submerged macrophytes from in vitro culture showed great potential for use in phytoremediation of BPA in natural waters, especially C. demersum.

Highlights

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received a great deal of attention as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical in recent years [1,2]
Aseptic seedlings of C. demersum and M. spicatum were obtained from in vitro aseptic culture after surface disinfection based on the procedure described by [24]
100% and 81.3% being observed for initial concentrations of 0.5 mg L−1 and 5.0 mg L−1, respectively, at 3 days

Summary

Introduction

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received a great deal of attention as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical in recent years [1,2]. Low concentrations of BPA ranging from ng L−1 to μg L−1 have been reported in different aquatic systems. SalgueiroGonzález [5] found average levels of BPA of 0.054–0.103 μg L−1 in three estuaries in Spain, while Gorga [6] found maximum concentrations of 0.084–0.229 μg L−1 in test rivers in. Jonkers [7] found levels as high as 0.683 μg L−1 in rivers of Portugal. In China, Xiong [8] reported BPA levels in water samples from Beijiang river of 0.06–0.72 ng L−1

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