Abstract
This work presents the development of titanium dioxide (TiO2) film immobilized on circular glass sheets for photocatalytic degradation of caffeine under ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation. TiO2 was synthesized through the ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method and immobilized on circular glass sheets by the doctor blade technique. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used to mix with the TiO2 precursor solution to enhance film adhesion on the glass surface. TiO2 film was mainly composed of anatase phase with a small amount of rutile phase. Caffeine removal was found to increase with increasing irradiation time. Caffeine (20 mg/L) in the synthetic wastewater could not be detected after 3 h of UVC irradiation. The reaction rate of caffeine degradation followed the pseudo-first-order model. The concentrated caffeine solutions required a longer irradiation time for degradation. The used TiO2-coated glass sheets could be easily separated from the treated wastewater and reusable. The caffeine removal efficiency of TiO2-coated glass sheets in each cycle maintained a high level (~100%) during fifteen consecutive cycles.
Highlights
Micro-organic pollutants are emerging substances mostly derived from human activities, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), pesticides, herbicides and many other compounds used in households, hospitals, industries, as well as agricultural areas
TiO2 synthesized through the ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method was successfully immobilized
TiO2 synthesized through the ultrasonic-assisted sol–gel method was successfully immobilized as a film on the circular glass sheets
Summary
Micro-organic pollutants are emerging substances mostly derived from human activities, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), pesticides, herbicides and many other compounds used in households, hospitals, industries, as well as agricultural areas. These substances have been detected in the natural water bodies with a trace concentration, it could be high enough to pose threats to the aquatic living organisms and affect the ecological balance [1,2]. Caffeine persists in water with a relatively long half-life time of 10 years [7]. The remaining amounts of coffee and caffeinated soft drinks from consumption are the main sources of caffeine contaminated into the wastewater treatment plants [9]
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