Abstract
Pedestrian dead-reckoning (PDR) is a potential indoor localization technology that utilizes the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to estimate location. However, one of its most significant drawbacks is the accumulation measurement error. This paper proposes a PDR system integrated with visible light positioning (VLP) that boasts low accumulated error and can achieve real-time and accurate indoor positioning using both the IMU and the camera sensor on a smartphone. A multi-frame fusion method for LED-ID decoding is introduced in the encoding and decoding process of the system, achieving 98.5% decoding accuracy with a 20-bit-long LED-ID at the height of 2.1 m. This method also accommodates the variation in the shutter speeds of cameras and heights of the LED. Meanwhile, absolute locations and step length could be further calibrated using a single light-emitting diode (LED), providing an average accuracy within 0.5 meters over a 108-meter walk.
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