Enhanced optical properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes by using magnetic activated carbon: evaluating photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI)

Abstract

ABSTRACT In recent years, photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by TiO2 nanostructures, as a potent environmental technology has attracted a lot of attention. However, several defects including the large band gap energy of TiO2, fast photogenerated charge recombination and re-oxidation of Cr(III) restrict their practical application. In this work, the incorporation of TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) with magnetic activated carbon (MAC) and photoreduction in the presence of a hole scavenger were studied as a preferable approach. The results revealed that coupling TNTs with 2 wt% MAC can boost the surface area from 89.54 to 307.87 m2 g−1 as well as decrease the band gap energy from 3.1 to 2.7 eV. As a consequence of the enhancement in textural features and optical properties, TNTs/MAC (2%) led to improvement of photoreduction efficiency (from 47% to 66%) in comparison with the TNTs. Meanwhile, the experiments demonstrated that using 0.2 g TNTs/MAC as an optimal dosage in acidic solution increases the photoreduction efficiency up to 81%. The hole scavenger investigation had a marvellous result. It was found that in the presence of oxalic acid, TNTs/MAC (2%) could reduce 97% of Cr(VI) which it was due to trapping oxidative species and charge-transfer-complex-mediated process. Furthermore, the kinetic study affirmed that the photoreduction follow first-order kinetics and the reaction rate constants by TNTs/MAC (2%) are 1.5 times as great as those of TNTs. Moreover, the reusability tests illustrated TNTs/MAC (2%) has good stability and is active even up to the six runs.