Abstract
The ocean surface and subsurface biophysical responses and their feedbacks to super typhoon Nida were comprehensively investigated based on a substantial dataset of multiple-satellite observations, Argo profiles, and reanalysis data. Nida experienced two Category 5 stages: a rapid intensification stage that was fast moving along a straight-line track, and a rapid weakening stage that was slowly moving along a sharp-left sudden-turning track. During the straight-line stage, Nida caused an average sea surface temperature (SST) cooling of 1.44 °C and a chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration increase of 0.03 mg m−3. During the sudden-turning stage, cyclonic sudden-turning induced a strong cold cyclonic eddy (SSHA < −60 cm) by strong upwelling, which caused the maximum SST cooling of 6.68 °C and a long-lasting chl-a bloom of 0.6 mg m−3 on the left-hand side of the track, resulting in substantial impacts on the ocean ecological environment. Furthermore, the enhanced ocean cold wake and the longer air–sea interaction in turn decreased the average inner-core SST of 4 °C and the corresponding enthalpy flux of 780 W m−2, which induced a notable negative feedback to the typhoon intensity by weakening it from Category 5 to Category 2. The left bias response and notable negative feedback are special due to sharp-left sudden-turning of typhoon. Comparing with the previously found slow translation speed (~4 m s−1) of significant ocean response, the negative feedback requires even more restriction of translation speed (<2 m s−1) and sharp sudden-turning could effectively relax restrictions by making equivalent translation speed lower and air-sea interaction time longer. Our findings point out that there are some unique features in ocean–typhoon interactions under sudden-turning and/or lingering tracks comparing with ordinary tracks.
Highlights
IntroductionThe most significant one might be the cold wake often seen along the typhoon track [1] due to ocean surface enthalpy fluxes, vertical mixing, and upwelling [2,3,4]
Comparing with the previously found slow translation speed (~4 m s−1 ) of significant ocean response, we showed with observation that such negative feedback could only work under very restricted conditions with typical translation speed
The rainfall was mainly concentrated in the ST stage of the typhoon, during which the accumulated rainfall exceeded 1000 mm, and the rainfall induced by the typhoon was mainly located on the right-hand side of the typhoon track
Summary
The most significant one might be the cold wake often seen along the typhoon track [1] due to ocean surface enthalpy fluxes, vertical mixing, and upwelling [2,3,4]. There may be marine phytoplankton blooms [5,6]. Since the cold wake caused by a typhoon can cool the sea surface temperature (SST) [7,8,9], it may have a negative feedback effect on the passing typhoon [10]. There is a long-term debate as to whether such a cold wake can immediately induce a Remote Sens.
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