Abstract
Phytoremediation is a promising technology to remediate carcass burial sites where deep soil layers are contaminated with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and other potential contaminants by leachate. The current study was conducted to examine the remedial efficiency of two different woody plants, poplar (Populus euramericana) and willow (Salix alba), by employing the deep-planting technique for the enhanced removal of N and P for the soil affected by leachate. For this, pot trials to assess N and P removal efficiency of poplar and willow in liquid manure-applied soil, and pilot-scale column experiments to evaluate the suitability of the deep-planting technique for the enhanced phytoremediation of deep soil layer were conducted. The results of this study showed that poplar and willow removed N and P from soils effectively while surviving under deep-planting conditions. Notably, compared to the surface planted roots, the roots of the deep-planted poplar and willow could transfer significant amounts of N and P leachate from the deep soil layer to the rhizosphere, from where it can be absorbed by the plants. For the first time, the use of poplar or willow plants are recommended by employing the deep-planting technique for the successful remediation of carcass burial sites.
Highlights
In Korea, during the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak from November 2010 to April 2011, about 10,000 cattle and 340,000 pigs were disposed into 4500 sites around the country [1]
Since N and P released from contaminated plume are usually located deep in the soil, this study investigated the applicability of the deep-planting technique with guard column for the significant reduction of N and P leachate levels in manure-applied deep soil layer
In order to substitute the contaminated leachate containing N and P originated from the carcass burial sites, liquid manure (LM) collected from local liquid manure facilities was used in this study
Summary
In Korea, during the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak from November 2010 to April 2011, about 10,000 cattle and 340,000 pigs were disposed into 4500 sites around the country [1]. Among the available remediation technologies, phytoremediation is most appropriate for the removal of contaminants from leachate in carcass burial sites. Contaminants released from carcass burial sites are located predominantly in the deep layers and this limits the success of the typical phytoremediation technique. The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has been using the deep-planting technique for revegetation [18] They reported that deep-planting of long-stem stock can drastically reduce the need to irrigate in order to establish the riparian shrubs and trees, because roots are in contact with the capillary fringe [18]. Since N and P released from contaminated plume are usually located deep in the soil, this study investigated the applicability of the deep-planting technique with guard column for the significant reduction of N and P leachate levels in manure-applied deep soil layer. In order to substitute the contaminated leachate containing N and P originated from the carcass burial sites, liquid manure (LM) collected from local liquid manure facilities was used in this study
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