Abstract
The combination of plant-derived polymer resins and mineral-based nanoparticles into three dimensional (3D) printable, high-performance nanocomposites suggests a means to improve the sustainability profile of rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing. In this work, our previously published nanocomposite biomaterial system of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and polyethylene glycol (PEGDA) diluent composited with calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (nHA) nanorods was improved by the substitution of AESO with methacrylated AESO (mAESO) and the partial substitution of PEGDA with isosorbide methacrylate (IM). mAESO was used to increase the degree of crosslinking and reduce the ink viscosity. IM was synthesized by reacting the hydroxyl groups on isosorbide with methacrylic anhydride. The effects of partially replacing PEGDA with IM on the rheology and printability of the nanocomposite inks and the mechanical properties of the resulting nanocomposite materials were quantified. These masked stereolithography (mSLA) printed nanocomposites have greatly improved mechanical properties (tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Mode-I fracture toughness) due to the shift to mAESO and IM. IM greatly improved the tensile fracture strength and Young’s modulus of the nanocomposites by acting as a reactive diluent and as a stiff segment in the polymer system. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite increased due to the addition of IM. However, IM decreased the strain-at–fracture, making the nanocomposites more brittle. This study demonstrates the development of high-performance mAESO-IM-nHA-based novel nanocomposites that can be easily 3D printed using desktop mSLA, suggesting a facile path forward to improved sustainability in rapid prototyping and additive manufacturing using nanocomposites for a broad range of applications.
Highlights
The majority of commercially available UV-curing thermoset polymers are of petrochemical origin
These hydroxyls increase the viscosity of the Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) based resin through hydrogen bonding, and the low acrylate group count limits the strength of the polymerized AESO
Viscosity values decreased as the shear rates increased, showing distinct shear-thinning behavior of these IMcontaining nanocomposites
Summary
The majority of commercially available UV-curing thermoset polymers are of petrochemical origin. Plant-derived or vegetable oil-based polymers may lower or even capture carbon emissions (Bertomeu et al, 2012; Llevot, 2017; Amulya et al, 2021) because their production results partially from photosynthesis. To lower the viscosity for easier processing and printing, and to increase the strength through an increased degree of crosslinking, it would be beneficial to replace these residual -OH groups with acrylate/methacrylate groups that can be polymerized through similar processes (Liu et al, 2017). One such product is known as methacrylated AESO (mAESO)
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