Abstract

Fabrication of low-cost, durable and efficient metal oxide nanocomposites were successfully synthesized and reinforced with photo-resin via 3-dimensional printing. Here, we put forward a novel approach to enhance the mechanical and thermal behaviors of stereolithography (SLA) 3D printed architecture by adding TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) in different crystalline phases (anatase and rutile), which were obtained at different annealing temperatures from 400 °C to 1000°C. The heat-treated anatase TNPs were scrutinized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, diffusive reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Among all the samples, at 800 °C, annealed anatase TNPs exposed a highly crystalline anatase phase, having a low energy bandgap and a comparably high tensile strength (47.43 MPa) and high elastic modulus (2.261 GPa) for the 3D printed samples, showing improvement by 103% and 32%, respectively, compared with the printed pristine stereolithography resin (SLR) sample. Moreover, enhanced storage modulus and tan δ values were achieved via the better interfacial interactions between the incorporated nanofillers and the SLR matrix. In addition to this, enhanced thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the SLR matrix were also noted. The low energy bandgap and nanoscale size of the fillers helped to achieve good dispersion and allowed the UV light to penetrate at a maximum depth through the photo resin.

Highlights

  • Over the past few decades, additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology has shown a remarkable growth, which promises enormous potentialities and has gained a lot of interest from a diverse range of fields such as biomedical science and engineering [1,2,3], printing electronics [4], microfluidics [5], and aerospace composites [6]. 3D printing technology demonstrates the fabrication process, which facilitates the layer-by-layer structure formation from computer-aided design (CAD) data [7,8]

  • It was revealed that these heat-treated anatase TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs) expose different crystalline and phase transitions during different calcinations temperatures

  • Titanium tetrachloride (GR, 99.5%), acrylate-based ultra violet (UV) curable resin, which consists of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA), hydroxyl propyl methacrylate (HPMA), and the photoinitiator 2,4,6-trimethyl benzoyl diphenyl phosphine oxide (TPO) were purchased from Macklin, (Shanghai, China)

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Summary

Introduction

Over the past few decades, additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology has shown a remarkable growth, which promises enormous potentialities and has gained a lot of interest from a diverse range of fields such as biomedical science and engineering [1,2,3], printing electronics [4], microfluidics [5], and aerospace composites [6]. 3D printing technology demonstrates the fabrication process, which facilitates the layer-by-layer structure formation from computer-aided design (CAD) data [7,8]. In addition to the TNPs, other inorganic semiconductors nanoparticles, such as ZnO and Fe2O3, have been performed as free-radical photoinitiators for curing photo resins, due to their proficiency of producing electron-hole pairs that assist the generation and mobility of reactive species to enhance photopolymerization [65,66]. We report a novel study approach, showing that treatment by different temperature-assisted anatase TiO2 nanoparticles can initiate as well as enhance the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and polyurethane in organic systems in the presence of atmospheric O2 under UV light irradiation. The anatase TNPs that incorporated SLA 3D printed objects revealed better mechanical and thermal properties through the enhanced photopolymerization by the achievement of excellent dispersion of introduced nanofillers within the polymer matrix

Materials
Synthesis of Anatase TNPs and Calcinations at the Different Temperatures
Raman Spectroscopy Analysis
Electron Microscope Analysis
UV Rheological Analysis
Mechanical Properties
Nanoindentation Test
2.3.10. Dynamic Mechanical Properties
2.3.12. TThheerrmmaall CCoonndduuccttiivviittyy AAnnaallyyssiiss
Findings
Conclusions

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