Abstract
Some food-derived peptides possess bioactive properties, and may affect health positively. For example, the C-terminal lacto-tri-peptides Ile-Pro-Pro (IPP), Leu-Pro-Pro (LPP) and Val-Pro-Pro (VPP) (together named here XPP) are described to lower blood pressure. The bioactivity depends on their availability at the site of action. Quantitative trans-organ availability/kinetic measurements will provide more insight in C-terminal tri-peptides behavior in the body. We hypothesize that the composition of the meal will modify their systemic availability. We studied trans-organ XPP fluxes in catheterized pigs (25 kg; n=10) to determine systemic and portal availability, as well as renal and hepatic uptake of a water-based single dose of synthetic XPP and a XPP containing protein matrix (casein hydrolyte, CasH). In a second experiment (n=10), we compared the CasH-containing protein matrix with a CasH-containing meal matrix and the modifying effects of macronutrients in a meal on the availability (high carbohydrates, low quality protein, high fat, and fiber). Portal availability of synthetic XPP was 0.08 ± 0.01% of intake and increased when a protein matrix was present (respectively 3.1, 1.8 and 83 times for IPP, LPP and VPP). Difference between individual XPP was probably due to release from longer peptides. CasH prolonged portal bioavailability with 18 min (absorption half-life, synthetic XPP: 15 ± 2 min, CasH: 33 ± 3 min, p<0.0001) and increased systemic elimination with 20 min (synthetic XPP: 12 ± 2 min; CasH: 32 ± 3 min, p<0.0001). Subsequent renal and hepatic uptake is about 75% of the portal release. A meal containing CasH, increased portal 1.8 and systemic bioavailability 1.2 times. Low protein quality and fiber increased XPP systemic bioavailability further (respectively 1.5 and 1.4 times). We conclude that the amount and quality of the protein, and the presence of fiber in a meal, are the main factors that increase the systemic bioavailability of food-derived XPP.
Highlights
In the recent years our understanding of potential food-derived bioactive peptides and their potential health benefits advanced [1,2], mainly on the role of bioactive peptides from milk
We studied IPP, VPP and LPP (Leucine-Proline-Proline), named together as XPP as model for C-terminal proline containing food-derived peptides in general, because they are relatively resistant against breakdown in the gastro-intestinal tract and expected to be similar in their kinetics [3,24]
We studied the potential effect on XPP availability when the XPP containing casein hydrolyte (CasH) was added to a meal and studied the potential modifying effects of macro-nutrients in the meal
Summary
In the recent years our understanding of potential food-derived bioactive peptides and their potential health benefits advanced [1,2], mainly on the role of bioactive peptides from milk. The effects on blood pressure of the lacto-tri-peptides Isoleucine-Proline-Proline. Dietary Effect on Lacto-Tri-Peptide Bio-Availability role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section. Kies is employed by DSM Biotechnology Center. DSM Biotechnology Center, provided support in the form of salary for author AKK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section
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