Abstract
Successful dental implants rely on stable osseointegration and soft-tissue integration. Titania nanotubes (TNTs) with a diameter of 100 nm could increase the mesenchymal stem cell response and simultaneously decrease Staphylococcus aureus adhesion. However, the interactions between the modified surface and surrounding soft tissues are still unknown. In the present study, we fully investigated the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). TNTs were synthesized on titanium (Ti) surfaces by electrochemical anodization at 10, 30, and 60 V, and the products were denoted as NT10, NT30, and NT60, respectively. NT10 (diameter: 30 nm) and NT30 (diameter: 100 nm) could enhance the HGF functions, such as cell attachment and proliferation and extracellular matrix- (ECM-) related gene expressions, with the latter showing higher enhancement. NT60 (diameter: 200 nm) clearly impaired cell adhesion and proliferation and ECM-related gene expressions. Bacterial adhesion on the TNTs decreased and reached the lowest value on NT30. Therefore, NT30 without pharmaceuticals can be used to substantially enhance the HGF response and reduce P. gingivalis adhesion to the utmost, thus demonstrating significant potential in the transgingival part of dental implants.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) implants are widely used in dentistry to replace missing teeth due to their excellent material properties and biological activity [1, 2]
NT10, NT30, and NT60 showed groove-like topography at low magnification and highly ordered nanotubes with diameters of approximately 30, 100, and 200 nm, respectively, at high magnification, just as shown in our previous work [13], thereby resulting in a dual micro- and nanorough surface
Our results showed that NT10 and NT30 significantly promoted the expressions of extracellular matrix- (ECM-)related genes and demonstrated excellent activity, with the latter exhibiting a higher promotion
Summary
Titanium (Ti) implants are widely used in dentistry to replace missing teeth due to their excellent material properties and biological activity [1, 2]. Bioactive molecules and antibacterial agents are introduced into the transgingival part to improve the soft-tissue integration and antibacterial activity [3, 4]. These coatings are expensive and difficult to fabricate and unsuitable for conventional implants with cylindrical or tapered shapes [5, 6]. The application of the transgingival part of dental implants with excellent soft-tissue integration and antibacterial property without pharmaceuticals is desirable. Given the nanoscale dimensions of the physiological extracellular matrix (ECM), titania nanotubes (TNTs) manufactured on the Ti surface for the transgingival part of dental implants have received considerable attention [4, 7].
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