Abstract
A Western lifestyle with low physical activity and a diet rich in sugar, fat and processed food contribute to higher incidences of diabetes and obesity. Enhanced glucose uptake in human liver cells was observed after treatment with phenolic extracts from different Nordic berries. All berry extracts showed higher inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase than the anti-diabetic agent acarbose. Total phenolic content and phenolic profiles in addition to antioxidant activities, were also investigated. The berries were extracted with 80% methanol on an accelerated solvent extraction system (ASE) and then purified by C-18 solid phase extraction (SPE). Among the ASE methanol extracts, black chokeberry, crowberry and elderberry extracts showed high stimulation of glucose uptake in HepG2 cells and also considerable inhibitory effect towards carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. SPE extracts with higher concentrations of phenolics, resulted in increased glucose uptake and enhanced inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to the ASE extracts. Crowberry and cloudberry were the most potent 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors, while bog whortleberry and lingonberry were the most active xanthine oxidase inhibitors. These results increase the value of these berries as a component of a healthy Nordic diet and have a potential benefit against diabetes.
Highlights
The increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) throughout the world is closely linked to westernized dietary patterns, physical inactivity and rising rates of obesity [1]
The column was washed with 2 × 10 mL 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) to remove the unbound material, the phenolics were eluted with 2 × 10 mL methanol containing 0.2% TFA, and the methanol fraction taken to dryness in a Genevac vacuum centrifuge (Genevac, Ipswich, UK) to give the solid phase extraction (SPE)
The phenolic rich extracts from these berries have a strong effect against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and a positive influence on glucose uptake in human liver cells in vitro
Summary
The increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) throughout the world is closely linked to westernized dietary patterns, physical inactivity and rising rates of obesity [1]. In epidemiological and clinical studies, a high intake of berries has been associated with improved cardiovascular risk profiles, significant decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and lipid peroxidation, increased total plasma antioxidant capacity, less dyslipidemia and improved glucose utilization [4,5]. 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are involved in free radical production [9]. For this reason, intake of antioxidants and inhibitors of 15-LO and XO has emerged as additional attractive therapeutic strategies to combat T2D [10]. The aim was to investigate the glucose uptake in human liver cells and the inhibition of the enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, 15-LO and XO after exposure to the berry ASE and SPE extracts. The content of the main phenolics of the active extracts were characterized as well
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