Abstract
Inefficient removal of total organic carbon (TOC) leads to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) when a disinfectant is added. This study is performed in an effort to develop a simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective technology that will effectively lower organic precursors by having water utilities reuse their treatment residual solids. Jar tests are used to simulate drinking water treatment processes with coagulants—aluminum sulfate (alum), poly-aluminum chloride (PACl), and ferric chloride and their residual solids. Ten coagulant-to-residual (C/R) ratios are tested with water from the Missouri River at Coopers Landing in Columbia, MO versus alluvial ground waters. This treatment results in heavier floc formation and leads to improved sedimentation of organics and additional removal of aluminum and iron. An average of 21%, 28%, and 33% additional TOC removal can be achieved with C/R ratios <1 with alum, PACl, and ferric chloride, respectively.
Highlights
Percentage removal of natural organic matter (NOM) affects the efficiency of drinking water treatment process [1]
A typical drinking water treatment plant uses a sequence of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection unit processes to treat incoming raw water with an aim to decrease the total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity to a required limit [6,7] and produce finished water with little to no taste and odor issues
The dissolved oxygen and coliforms results from the study determined recycling to be a potential safe option for residuals management [13]. Further investigation in this area during pilot scale study is needed to evaluate the full spectrum of microbial parameters such as bacterial number and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC)
Summary
Percentage removal of natural organic matter (NOM) affects the efficiency of drinking water treatment process [1]. A typical drinking water treatment plant uses a sequence of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection unit processes to treat incoming raw water with an aim to decrease the total organic carbon (TOC) and turbidity to a required limit [6,7] and produce finished water with little to no taste and odor issues. In addition to these parameters the finished water is expected to comply with the rules such as total coliform rule, maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL), and stage-II D/DBP rule. Achieving a balance between TOC reduction and chlorination has been a great concern to both environmental officials and the utility managers since the late 1970s when research began to show a direct link between trihalomethane (THMs) formation and reaction between TOC and free chlorine [5]
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