Abstract
Self-organized macroporous tungsten trioxide (WO 3) films are obtained by anodic oxidation of DC-sputtered tungsten (W) layers on 10 mm × 25 mm indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass. Under optimized experimental conditions, uniformly macroporous WO 3 films with a thickness of ca. 350 nm are formed. The film shows a connected network with average pore size of 100 nm and a pore wall thickness of approximately 30 nm. The anodized film becomes transparent after annealing without significant change in macroporous structure. In 0.1 M H 2SO 4, the macroporous WO 3 films show enhanced electrochromic properties with a coloration efficiency of 58 cm 2 C −1. Large modulation of transmittance (∼50% at 632.8 nm) and a switching speed of about 8 s are also achieved with this macroporous film.
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